Psychoanalytic v Dispositional Theory

Question 1

What is subjectivity?

Answer 1

Inner world of subjective experience, thoughts and feelings

Question 2

What is the id?

Answer 2

> Infantile desires
Pleasure principle
Primary process

Question 3

What is the ego?

Answer 3

> Mediate to reality
Reality principle
Secondary process

Question 4

What is the super-ego?

Answer 4

> Agent of societal-moralistic demands

Question 5

What are the drives according to the psychodynamic theory?

Answer 5

> Life drive (libido / sexual drive)
Death drive (destruction)
Cathexes (investing ‘objects’ with libidinal or aggressive energy)

Question 6

What are the main techniques used to explore unconscious motivations?

Answer 6

> Free associations

> Dream analysis

Question 7

What are the potential causes for fixation in the psychodynamic theory?

Answer 7

> Overindulgence resulting in reluctance to abandon a stage

> Over-frustration resulting in not enough gratification

Question 8

What is transference?

Answer 8

Emotional responses generated in childhood relationships may influence how we respond to new people

Question 9

What are the stages of the psychodynamic theory?

Answer 9

> Oral (0-18months)
> Anal (18m-3y)
> Phallic (3-6y)
> Latency (6-11y)
> Genital (11+y)

Question 10

What is the oral stage?

Answer 10

> 0-18 months
Pleasure found through the mouth
Fixation can lead to preoccupation with food and drink

Question 11

What is the phallic stage?

Answer 11

> 3 - 6 years
Pleasure found through genitals
Oedipus / Electra complex

Question 12

What are the defensive devices described by Freud?

Answer 12

> Repression
> Displacement
> Sublimation
> Projection
> Denial

Question 13

What are the features of repression?

Answer 13

> Self-deceptive individuals
High social-desirability
Lower recall of short term negative information
Increased recall of positive information
Short term coping
Immunosuppression

Question 14

What are the common themes of the humanists?

Answer 14

> Existential Psychology
Phenomenological emphasis on conscious experience
Drive to self actualisation
Emphasis on responsibility and choice

Question 15

What are the features of Maslow’s Humanistic Theory?

Answer 15

> Neurosis due to lack of personal growth

> Conflict is a reflection of mental health

Question 16

What is the hierarchy of needs in Maslow’s humanistic theory?

Answer 16

> Physiological needs
> Safety needs
> Belonging and Love needs
> Esteem needs
> Growth needs

Question 17

What did Bailey and McLaren (2005) demonstrate?

Answer 17

Need to belong predicted greater mental health among retirees

Question 18

Who predicted that need to belong predicted greater mental health in retirees?

Answer 18

Bailey and McLaren (2005)

Question 19

What is self-actualisation?

Answer 19

An episode in which a person experiences intense enjoyment and a sense of being fully functioning and integrated

Question 20

What did Flet (2007) find?

Answer 20

People who self-actualise are low in anxiety and high in self-acceptance

Question 21

Who find that people who self-actualise are high in self acceptance and low in anxiety?

Answer 21

Flet (2007)

Question 22

What did Flett et al (1991) find?

Answer 22

Striving for perfection in related to low levels of self-actualisation

Question 23

Who found that striving for perfection leads to low levels of self-actualisation?

Answer 23

Flett et al (1991)

Question 24

What did Kasser and Ryan (1993; 1996) find?

Answer 24

Negative relationship between self-actualisation and the pursuit of extrinsic goals

Question 25

Who demonstrated a negative relationship between self-actualisation and the pursuit of extrinsic goals?

Answer 25

Kasser and Ryan (1993; 1996)

Question 26

What did Carver and Baird (1998) demonstrate?

Answer 26

In terms of self actualisation, it's not what you want that's important, but why you want it

Question 27

Who demonstrated that a major factor for achieving self actualisation is not what you want, but why you want it?

Answer 27

Carver and Baird (1998)

Question 28

What are the critiques of Maslow's Humanistic Theory?

Answer 28

> Order of the stages debatable > Role of altruism > Abstract nature of self-actualisation

Question 29

What are the key concepts underlying Rogers' work?

Answer 29

> Fundamental predominance of the subjective > Dynamic goal-directed character of our behaviour > Sense of self

Question 30

What two needs were described by Rogers as essential to well being?

Answer 30

> Need for (positive) self-regard | > Need for self-actualisation

Question 31

What contemporary research reflects Rogers' Theory?

Answer 31

> Flett et al (1998) | > Elevated score on the Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory associated with perfectionism and anxiety

Question 32

What is the role of empathy according to Rogers' Theory?

Answer 32

> Crocker et al (2003) | > Assor, Roth and Deci (2004)

Question 33

What did Crocker et al (2003) identify?

Answer 33

Six factors connected to self-worth contingencies

Question 34

What did Assor, Roth and Deci (2004) suggest?

Answer 34

An intergenerational transmission of condition of worth

Question 35

What is Rogers' Theory?

Answer 35

Personality change and client-centred therapy

Question 36

What are the features of Rogers' Theory?

Answer 36

> Client-centred > Process of self-discovery > Focus on trust and empathy

Question 37

What are the practical applications for Rogers' Theory?

Answer 37

> Treating BPD > Treating sex offenders > Possible extension to educational settings

Question 38

What are the criticisms of Rogers' Theory?

Answer 38

> Naive > Lacks cross-cultural applicability > Principles lack cross-cultural validity > Requires verbal self-expression from patient