Psychodynamic Flashcards
Question ID #12536: A Freudian psychoanalyst is most likely to describe ___________ as explicitly connecting current behavior to unconscious processes.
A.
interpretation
B.
clarification
C.
confrontation
D.
working through
The correct answer is A.
Freudian psychoanalysis consists of a combination of confrontation, clarification, interpretation, and working through. The goal of interpretation is to explicitly connect the client’s current behavior to unconscious processes and is most effective when it addresses motives and conflicts close to the client’s consciousness.
Answer B: Clarification involves clarifying the client’s feelings by restating his/her remarks in clearer terms.
Answer C: Confrontation involves making statements that help the client see his/her behavior in a new way.
Answer D: Working through is the final stage of psychoanalysis and allows the client to gradually incorporate new insights into his/her personality.
Question ID #12537: As described by Alfred Adler, a healthy style of life is characterized by:
A.
congruence between self and experience.
B.
awareness of one’s thoughts, feelings, and actions in the here-and-now.
C.
confidence, optimism, and concern about the welfare of others.
D.
integration of conscious and unconscious elements of the psyche.
The correct answer is C.
Style of life is a key concept in Adler’s individual psychology. Adler distinguished between a healthy and an unhealthy style of life and proposed that social interest is the factor that distinguishes between the two. A person with a healthy style of life is concerned about the welfare of others.
Answer A: This is a Rogerian concept.
Answer B: This is the Gestalt definition of awareness.
Answer D: This is Jung’s definition of individuation.
Question ID #12538: In Freudian psychoanalysis, turning an undesirable impulse into its opposite is referred to as:
A.
projection.
B.
reaction formation.
C.
secondary process.
D.
catharsis.
The correct answer is B.
All of the terms listed in the answers are associated with Freud, but only one applies to the phenomenon described in this question. Turning an undesirable impulse into its opposite (e.g., hostility into kindness) is the definition of reaction formation, which is one of the defense mechanisms used by the ego to reduce anxiety.
Answer A: Projection involves attributing a threatening impulse to another person.
Answer C: Secondary process thinking is used by the ego and involves rational thinking and planning. It is contrasted with primary process thinking, which is dominated by the instinctual needs of the id.
Answer D: Catharsis is a release of emotions that results from the recall of unconscious material.
Question ID #12539: For Carl Jung, transference involves:
A.
a lack of individuation and self-realization.
B.
projection of the personal and collective unconscious.
C.
a distortion that the therapist will identify as a fantasy.
D.
a symbolic manifestation of “disowned” parts of the self.
The correct answer is B.
Like Freud, Jung considered transference to be an unconscious process in which feelings the client originally directed toward others are now being projected onto the therapist. For Jung, the unconscious consists of both personal and collective elements and transferences consist of both of these elements.
Answer A: Jung did not associate these concepts with transference.
Answer C: This represents a Gestaltian view of transference.
Answer D: This sounds more Gestaltian.
Question ID #12540: Margaret Mahler traced adult psychopathology to problems related to which of the following?
A.
separation-individuation
B.
congruence between self and experience
C.
meaning
D.
separation of one’s self and self-image
The correct answer is A.
Mahler, an objects relations theorist, viewed the early relationship between the infant and his/her caregiver to be critical for personality development. Mahler described early development as involving several phases and subphases and traced psychopathology in adulthood to problems during the separation-individuation phase.
Answer B: This applies to Carl Rogers.
Answer C: This applies to Victor Frankl’s theory.
Answer D: This sounds more like Perls’ Gestalt therapy.
Question ID #12544: As described by Jung, __________ are universal, generationally transmitted images that structure how people perceive their experiences.
A.
psychic schemata
B.
basic mistakes
C.
polarities
D.
archetypes
The correct answer is D.
Jung’s archetypes are elements of the collective unconscious and include the anima and animus, the shadow, and the self. Jung described archetypes as “primordial images” that emerge in the form of dreams and visions and cause people to experience and understand certain phenomena in a universal way.
Answer A: This is a Freudian concept.
Answer B: This is an Adlerian concept.
Answer C: Polarities are associated with Kelly’s personal construct therapy.
