psychodynamic approaches

Question 1

NCRMD

Answer 1

• the person is deemed not criminally resposible as they were unable to understand the nature and quality of the act
• person is committed to psychiatric hospital until the risk to the public can be managed in the community

Question 2

Mental illness stigma

Answer 2

• mentally ill are assumed to be violent and dangerous
• 40% of news articles negatively associate crime violence and danger with mental illness
• of these articles, there is a very small number that actually has voices of people with MI, voices of experts, and there are a very limited number of articles that talk about treatment and/ or recovery

Question 3

clinical risk factors for crime

Answer 3

• contact between people with MI and police is very common due to…

1. co-occuring substance abuse
2. treatment non-compliance
3. social and systematic factors such as homelessness, poverty, poor social services for mentally ill, etc.

Question 4

psychodynamic theory

Answer 4

personality results
from a complex interplay of conscious and
unconscious motives, thoughts, and feelings

Question 5

psychoanalysis

Answer 5

a model for analyzing the
unconscious, often by bringing unconscious
thoughts into consciousness

Question 6

neo-analytic theories

Answer 6

new perspectives on
psychoanalysis
* Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney

Question 7

unconscious examintation methods

Answer 7

Projective personality tests
* Dream interpretation
* Free association
* Measuring reaction time
* Transference

Question 8

freud’s topographical model of the mind

Answer 8

• conflicts arise between the pleasure principle and the reality principle
• unconscious mind: pleasure principle
• preconscious mind: censorship
• conscious mind: reality principle

Question 9

freud’s structural model of the mind

Answer 9

Id: unconscious; operates on pleasure principle

Ego: conscious; operates on reality principle
- Mediates id and superego
- Defense mechanisms and Freudian slips
- Associated with conscientiousness

Superego; moral conscience
- Administers pain (guilt, shame, anxiety) through defense mechanisms
- Social and cultural rules

Question 10

libido

Answer 10

sexual psychic energy/ life force

Question 11

cathexis

Answer 11

attachment of the libido to
thoughts, objects, or body parts

Question 12

developmental stages

Answer 12

childhood stages
that correspond with the libido’s
movement through the body

Question 13

oral psychosexual developmental stage

Answer 13

Oral stage (age 0 – 1)
* Associated with
breastfeeding/suckling
* Oral fixation; e.g., nail-biting,
smoking, binge-eating

Question 14

anal psychosexual developmental stage

Answer 14

Anal stage (age 2 – 3)
* Associated with potty
training
* Anal retentive; e.g., neat,
orderly, high
conscientiousness
* Anal expulsive; messy,
disorganized, low
conscientiousness

Question 15

latency psychosexual developmental stage

Answer 15

age 3-4

Question 16

phallic psychosexual developmental stage

Answer 16

Phallic stage (4 – 6)
* Associated with masturbation and curiosity about genitals

Question 17

oedipus complex

Answer 17

male child’s love for their
mother and competition with their father
* Castration anxiety

Question 18

electra complex

Answer 18

female child’s love for
their father and competition with their mother
* Penis envy

Question 19

manifest content of dreams

Answer 19

literal content of a dream

Question 20

latent content of dreams

Answer 20

symbolic/unconscious meaning
underlying the manifest content

Question 21

day residue in dreams

Answer 21

things that happened during your day

Question 22

unconscious wishes in dreams

Answer 22

identified through free association

Question 23

high neuroticism and dreams

Answer 23

more nightmares

Question 24

high openness and dreams

Answer 24

more dreams about flying and more likely to remember dreams, see more strange and different people people

Question 25

high agreeableness and dreams

Answer 25

see more people in
dreams

Question 26

affilative humour style

Answer 26

brings people together
* Associated with:
* emotional stability (less depression
and anxiety)
* increased self-esteem
* higher extraversion and openness to
experience

Question 27

self-enhancing humour style

Answer 27

laughing at yourself to cheer
yourself up
* Associated with:
* decreased stress, depression, and anxiety
* increased self-esteem and optimism
* lower neuroticism and higher
extraversion and openness to
experience

Question 28

self-defeating humour style

Answer 28

negative humour towards the
self to gain approval from others
* May be defense mechanism against negative
feelings about oneself
* Associated with:
* higher neuroticism, depression, and anxiety
* lower agreeableness and
conscientiousness

Question 29

aggressive humour style

Answer 29

using sarcasm, putting people
down, teasing (e.g., racist, sexist jokes)
* Associated with:
* higher neuroticism and lower
agreeableness and conscientiousness
* higher levels of aggression and hostility

Question 30

defensive pessimism

Answer 30

A personality trait that involves thinking negative thoughts to prepare for negative outcomes
* i.e., expecting/preparing for the worst to avoid feeling bad later
* Defensive Pessimism questionnaire
* “positive power of negative thinking”
* Associated with greater academic success in the face of anxiety

Question 31

challanges to freud’s theories

Answer 31

(1) Difficult to prove or disprove
* (2) The unconscious is no longer thought to
be a primitive and very emotional part of the
mind
* e.g., can be activated directly and
consciously through priming: activating
unconscious cognitive networks
* (3) Not parsimonious (simplistic or
straightforward)
* i.e., theories don’t follow Occam’s Razor

Question 32

Jung’s personal unconscious

Answer 32

the unconscious of the individual, containing Freud’s…
* Id
* Superego

Question 33

jung’s ego

Answer 33

conscious personal identity/center of the psyche

Question 34

jung’s collective unconscious (the shadow, the anima/animus, the self)

Answer 34

contains archetypes that are universal across cultures and history, including…

• The shadow: the dark side of the ego (e.g., devil)
• Overlaps Freud’s Id
• The anima/animus: the soul/opposite sex of the individual
  (e.g., Virgin Mary as symbol for feminine compassion, femme
  fatale)

The self: the archetype at the center of the psyche/ collective
unconscious (e.g., God, wise old man, Yoda, Dumbledore)
* e.g., the ‘I’/’observer?

Question 35

jung ego attitudes and functions (intro vs extro, N vs S, T vs F, J vs P)

Answer 35

• the ego can be
  divided into attitudes and functions that influence
  how we interpret and engage with the world
• Extraversion vs. introversion (attitudes)
• Extraverts are energized by time spent with
  others; introverts are drained
• Intuition vs. sensation
• Intuitives see the ‘big picture’ and ‘read between the lines’; sensers make concrete
  connections and take things more literally
• Thinking vs. feeling
• Thinkers systematically think through issues; feelers rely on feelings
• Judging vs. perceiving (not Jung’s idea)
• Judgers like to plan, perceivers prefer spontaneity

Question 36

individuation

Answer 36

the process of psychological
development
* Requires shifting the center of one’s psyche
from the ego to the self
* Appears in a ‘hero’s journey’; process of
facing the shadow self, getting in touch
with/discovering our anima/animus (soul)

Question 37

synchronicity

Answer 37

when one experiences the
collective unconscious, they experience
meaningful ‘coincidences’ (things connecting
with no causal link)