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Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Definitions of Abnormal

A
  • maladaptive
  • distressing
  • different from the norm
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2
Q

Prevalence of Disorders

A

-any disorder: 46%
-alcohol or drug abuse: 15%
-anxiety disorder: 29%
-mood disorder: 21%
-schizophrenia: 1%
Comorbidity- when an individual meets criteria for more than one disorder

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3
Q

Four Characteristic of Stigma

A
  1. A label is applied to a group of people that distinguishes them from others
  2. That label is linked to deviant or desirable behaviors
  3. People with label are seen as different- leads to in group v. out group
  4. People with label may be discriminated against
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4
Q

Are Those With Mental Illness Violent?

A
  • Slight increase of risk of violence only if a person has hallucinations or delusions
  • those with mental illness are likely to be victims
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5
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A
  • main symptom is fear that is out of portion to or inconsistent with environment
  • healthy anxiety is a warning system (fight or flight)
  • maladaptive anxiety is irrational, incontrolable, disruptive
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6
Q

Panic Disorder

A

-presence of panic attacks (dizziness, sweating, difficult breathing, overwhelming feelings)
Triple Vulnerabilities Model:
1. Genetics
2. Feeling out of control
3. Misinterpretation of physical feelings (attribute any instance of sweating as a panic attack)

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7
Q

Specific Phobia

A

Three Factors

  1. Intense fear
  2. Avoidance of the phobic stimulus
  3. Impairment/severity

-women are more likely to be diagnosed

Four Categories

  1. Injury or blood
  2. Situations
  3. Animals (most common)
  4. Natural Environment

-can arise due to classical conditioning, observational learning, operant conditioning

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8
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A
  • persistent, irrational fear linked to the presence of other people
  • onset during late adolescence
  • explanations: conditioning and cognitive theory
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9
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A
  • obsessions are repetitive, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts, ideas, or actions
  • compulsions are actions a person feels compelled to repeat over and over
  • person with OCD feels anxiety if compulsion is not performed
  • explanations: neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin, brain disfunctions in frontal lobe, biological
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10
Q

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

A

-patterns of symptoms that exist long after severe, traumatic situation

Symptoms:

  1. Re experiencing the traumatic event
  2. Avoidance
  3. Mood and cognitive changes (loss of interest, anger)
  4. Increased physical arousal (trouble sleeping, difficult concentrating)

Explanations:

  • severity of stressor
  • role of social support and hardiness
  • personal or family history of emotional problems
  • more likely after human induced trauma
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11
Q

Unipolar (Major Depressive Disorder)

A

-10% of men, 20% of women

Symptoms:

  • sad afect, feelings of worthlessness
  • loss of interest in usual activities
  • weight changes
  • sleep disturbances
  • loss of energy
  • difficulty concentrating
  • suicidal thinking
  • at least 2 week duration

Gender Differences:

  • women: ruminative responses (thinks and talks about it all the time)
  • men: distracting responses (sports, hobbies)
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12
Q

Bipolar (Manic Depressive Disorder)

A
  • 1% of population, no gender differences
  • alters between depression and mania

Symptoms of Mania:

  • elevated, euphoric mood
  • increase in activity level
  • racing thoughts
  • rapid speech, talkativeness
  • inflated self esteem (believe they’re the best at everything)
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13
Q

Cognitive Explanations for Depression

A
  • Unipolar
  • pessimistic (internal, stable, global
  • depressed people tend to see the world more accurately because non depressed people have positive illusions

Becks Cognitive Triad: negative views about world, future, self

-research suggests negative thoughts come first

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14
Q

Biological and Genetic Explanations for Depression

A
  • both unipolar and bipolar
  • problem with neurotransmitters
  • people may inherit predisposition
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15
Q

Anorexia

A
  • restriction of food that leads to very low body weight
  • intense fear of gaining weight

Explanations:

  • neurochemical differences
  • genetic personality traits (perfectionism, obsessive worrying, rigid thinking, persistence)
  • culture
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16
Q

Bulimia

A
  • recurrent episodes of binge eating

- recurrent, inappropriate, compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain

17
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A
  • people on the border between neurotic and psychotic
  • 6% of population
  • instability, very hot and cold, impulsive behaviors
  • indenting disturbance: confused about values
  • suicidal, self mutilating gestures

Explanations:
-disturbed childhood relationships and history of abuse

Linehan’s Biosocial Development Theory:

  • predisposition to be sensitive, impulsive, experience negative emotions
  • parents don’t teach children how to handle negative emotions properly
18
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A
  • multiple personality disorder
  • very different from schizophrenia
  • 4 to 9x more common in women
  • average 13 personalities
  • some don’t believe in disorders
  • may be caused by childhood abuse
19
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  • 1%
  • emerges in adolescence
  • starts with decreasing function, unusual behavior
  • split personality
  • not violent

Three Categories of Symptoms

  1. Positive: presence of something normally absent (delusions, hallucinations)
  2. Negative: absence of something that should be present (no emotional expression, limited speech, inability to persist in goals
  3. Disorganized speech

Explanations:

  • genetic
  • biological: excess of dopamine, underactive frontal lobe, enlarged ventricles, loss of gray matter, exposure to virus at birth, advanced age of father
  • social class
20
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorders

A

-global, persistent, chronic, excessive anxiety

Explanations:

  • brain is wired for anxiety
  • problematic relationships
  • stressful experiences
21
Q

Does Smoking Cause Mental Illness?

A
  • people with mental Illness are 2x more likely to smoke
  • used as a self medication
  • could also be a trigger for mental illness, more research needed
22
Q

Culture Bound Syndromes

A
  • hikikomori (Japan)

- anorexia nervosa (US, Western Europe)

23
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

-1 to 4% of population, more men
Symptoms
-deceiving and manipulating for personal gain
-seem to lack conscience
-disregard the rights of others
-high rates of alcohol and substance abuse

24
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A
  • partial or total inability to recall important information that is nit due to a medical condition
  • person develops amnesia for personal events and information, rather tan general knowledge or skills
25
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

-suddenly and inexplicably travels away from home, wandering to other cities or countries

Psych (3 decks)

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