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General Psychology > Psychological Disorders (Module 5 Ch 15) > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders (Module 5 Ch 15) Flashcards

Memorize by Final Exam on 12/11 (104 cards)

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1
Q

Comorbity

A

When an individual has two or more psychological disorders at the same time
Major Depressive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety are highly comorbid (very likely to occur together)

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2
Q

Lifetime Prevalence Rate

A

Examines how likely a disorder is to appear in an individual’s lifetime

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3
Q

Typical Prevalence Rate

A

Examines how many people at a given time have a disorder
50 to 75% of people will have a psychological disorder at some point

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4
Q

Etiology

A

The apparent cause and developmental history of a disorder

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5
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution of a disorder in a population
How we get prevalence rates

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6
Q

Insanity Defense

A

Admitting that you did the action, but claiming that at the time that you did it, you didn’t understand the effects of the action
Not very successful or commonly used

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7
Q

What trends can be seen with mental illness and violence rates?

A

Only 3-5% of violent crimes are attributed to people with mental illnesses (significantly less than predicted)
People with mental illness are 10x more likely to be the victim of violent crimes
(Victims > Perpetrators)

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8
Q

Abnormal Behavior

A

How we determine if something is a psychological disorder
Uses 3 metrics: deviance, maladaptive, and personal distress
Different disorders tend to score differently in these categories (ex: schizophrenia = high maladaptive, depression = high personal distress, OCD = high in all)

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9
Q

Deviance

A

When someone is behaving in a way that is different than others/the norm
Influential when disorders were first being discovered and named, but is not less likely to be used in the diagnosis process

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10
Q

Maladaptive (aka Dysfunctional)

A

Evaluates whether the behavior in some way interferes with the person’s day-to-day life and if so, to what extent it interferes with it

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11
Q

Personal Distress

A

How much stress the behavior is causing the individual

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12
Q

Value Judgements

A

During diagnosis, the individual has to rate how distressing and maladaptive the behavior is to them, creating subjectively in the process of diagnosis (not an exact science)

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13
Q

Syndrome

A

A group of related symptoms characteristic of a disorder

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14
Q

Why are symptoms important when diagnosing a psychological disorder?

A

Not every disorder presents the same way for everyone (ex: depression)
Some disorders require more symptoms to be present in order for a diagnosis to occur

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15
Q

Diagnostics and Statistics Manual (DSM)

A

Includes every recognized psychological disorder and their symptoms, diagnosis requirements (how many symptoms must be present and for how long), and suggested treatments

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16
Q

What changes were made between the DSM-4 and DSM-5 (current edition)?

A

DSM-4 was very categorical, while DSM-5 tends to be more spectrum-based (ex: autism is now a spectrum disorder)
We also saw the integration of modern disorders such as hoarding and gaming addictions

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17
Q

Neuro-Developmental Disorders

A

Disorders that are prominent or required to develop in childhood

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18
Q

Intellectual Disabilities

A

Must manifest in childhood
If they are the result of some sort of accident, they’re considered traumatic brain injuries, NOT intellectual disabilities

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19
Q

Learning Disorders

A

Includes dyslexia and dysgraphia

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20
Q

ADHD

A

Symptoms include (an must be present before the age of 12): problems with focus/attention, high impulsivity, and difficulty following through with tasks

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21
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Symptoms can include: issues with sociality (with peers and authority figures) and tendency for hyperfixation
Can also include language impairment, repetitive habits, and sensitivity to sensory input

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22
Q

Joint Attention

A

The ability to make eye contact with others and look in the same direction as someone else (like when they point at something)

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23
Q

How do diagnosis rates for ADHD and Autism differ among boys and girls? Why might this be the case?

A

Boys tend to be diagnosed at a higher rate
Girls may be better at managing or hiding their symptoms, leading to underdiagnosis

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24
Q

Depressive Disorders

A

Any disorder in which depression is a major symptom, including major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar disorders

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25
How prevalent is Major Depressive Disorder?
Affects 7% of Americans
26
Seasonal Affective Disorder
A cyclical recurrence of depression that often matches seasonal changes Typically occurs in winter (may be due to a lack of Vitamin D)
27
Persistent Depressive Disorder
Long-lasting depression (6 months to 1 year) that's too mild to meet the criteria for major depressive disorder
28
What trends can be seen with age of onset among people with depressive disorders?
If someone is going to develop a depressive disorder at some point in their life, it usually presents prior to age 40 This number is expected to decrease
29
What trends can seen with recurrence among people with depressive disorders?
If you have depression once, you'll likely experience it again at some other point in your life Most people with depressive disorders have 5-6 occurrences or episodes of it across their lifetime, each lasting about 6 months to a year
30
What are some common symptoms of depressive disorders?
Anhedonia, sleep disruption, and helplessness We can also see enduring changes in motivation and self-worth, as well as problems with concentration, energy, and eating
31
Anhedonia
The inability to feel joy, even when engaging in activities that previously brought one happiness
32
Sleep Disruption in Depressive Disorders
Some sleep too much, some too little Sleep is not restorative or restful (even if plentiful)
33
Helplessness Theory
When people are experiencing depression, their brains get trapped in a cycle of internal, stable, and global attributions that reinforce the depression and keep them from making change
34
What attributions do people with depression make (part of helplessness theory)?
Internal: thinking everything bad that's happening is their fault Stable: think that nothing they can do will change the bad things Global: think that everything is bad or will turn out that way
35
Learned Helplessness
Sense of powerlessness and failure that results from a repeated inability to control or cope with stressful situations/adversities
36
Depressive Realism
People who are clinically depressed tend to have more realistic perceptions of the world than people who aren't
37
Depressed Brains
Tend to be less active, especially in areas responsible for emotion and emotion regulation
38
Bipolar Disorders
Characterized by a swinging between mania and depression Affects about 2.8% of the population Strong genetic component
39
What symptoms must be present for something to be considered a manic episode? For how long?
7 symptoms must be present for at least a week DIGFAST: distractibility, indiscretion, grandiosity, flight of ideas, activity increase, sleeplessness, and talkativeness
40
Distractibility
Having a hard time focusing on anything/getting distracted easily
41
Indiscretion
Caring less about adhering to social norms
42
Grandiosity
Having grand ideas about oneself, their abilities, or the world overall
43
Flight of Ideas
Having a train of thought that quickly jumps between different, seemingly unrelated ideas
44
Activity Increase
Being really good at starting projects, but not finishing them
45
Sleeplessness
Not sleeping very often, if at all
46
Talkativeness
Talking a lot both to oneself and to others
47
Why are Bipolar Disorders often misdiagnosed as Depressive Disorders? What happens when they're mistreated?
People seek help during depressive episodes (when they feel bad), but not manic ones (when they feel good) Treating it like depression = relieved depressive symptoms, but not manic ones = more mania
48
What are some of the problems that mania can lead to despite the positive feelings that come with it?
Impulsive spending, substance abuse, and risky sexual behavior
49
Bipolar I vs Bipolar II
I = long-lasting cycles of severe mania and severe depression II = shorter cycles of less severe mania (aka hypomania) but severe depression
50
Cyclothymia
Less severe version of Bipolar Disorder in which the symptomology is present, but not severe enough to meet the criteria for manic and depressive episodes
51
How does Bipolar Disorder relate to Creativity?
The two are highly correlated, especially during the manic phase (due to activity increase) Famous ex: Robin Williams
52
What do Anxiety Disorders typically involve?
Strong negative emotions such as fear, sadness, and disgust Physical Apprehension
53
Physical Apprehension
When the fight or flight response is triggered and causes strong physiological responses in the absence of a dangerous situation
54
How prevalent are Anxiety Disorders?
Affects 19% of the population Among the most commonly experienced
55
What are some examples of Anxiety Disorders?
GAD, Panic Disorder, Phobias (illogical fears), Social Anxiety Disorder, OCD, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, PTSD
56
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Characterized by a general feeling of dread or thinking that something is going to go wrong in the near future Leads to intense physiological reactions such as rapid heartbeat, feeling faint, shaking, and panic attacks Can also lead to trouble sleeping, restlessness, and difficulty concentrating Highly comorbid with MDD
57
Panic Attacks
Sudden changes in body and mind characterized by a sense of impending doom, heart palpitations, trembling, sweating, dizziness, nausea, etc. Usually last about 10 minutes
58
Panic Disorder
Having frequent panic attacks and pervasive worry, fear, or concern about having one in the future
59
What are some common phobias?
Acrophobia: fear of heights Claustrophobia: fear of tight or confined spaces Brontophobia: fear of storms or thunder and lightning Hydrophobia: fear of water or drowning Agoraphobia: the fear of being in places from which escape is difficult or help might not be available (usually public spaces like markets)
60
Social Anxiety Disorder
Persistent/irrational fear of humiliation or embarrassment when in the presence of others Intense self-consciousness about appearance, behavior, or both
61
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Characterized by obsessions (intrusive thoughts or impulses) and compulsions (behaviors done to relieve impulses that can be time-consuming and interfere with daily life)
62
What things are correlated with OCD?
Low activity in the prefrontal cortex and areas of the brain that deal with emotion regulation Low level of serotonin
63
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
When an individual has an unrealistic perception of their physical flaws, causing them to worry about how others perceive them (sometimes leading to agoraphobia) Because perceptions are based in reality, their "flaws" can't be fixed (even with plastic surgery)
64
PTSD
Can only be caused by a traumatic experience (but correlated with a smaller hippocampus) Characterized by hypervigilance and reexperiencing of the traumatic event consciously + unconsciously Excessive reconsolidation of the traumatic memory makes it feel even more traumatic Children with PTSD often reenact their trauma during play
65
What disordered cognitions are common across Anxiety Disorders?
Misinterpreting harmless situations as harmful Focusing on perceived threats Getting stuck in a cycle of negative thoughts despite knowing that those thoughts are irrational Selective Recall
66
Selective Recall
Being more likely to remember instances that support anxiety over ones that don't
67
What are the different origins of Anxiety Disorders?
Learning from parental figures Overly active Anterior Cingulate Cortex (area of the brain that monitors behavior and checks for errors) Genetics and Personality GABA Deficiencies
68
Psychotic Disorders
Characterized by an inability to distinguish real from imagined perceptions, causing loss of contact with reality
69
Schizophrenia
Literally means "split-mind", which refers to a split from or inaccurate perception of reality Affects about 1% of the population High heritability rate (45% chance of developing it if both parents have it, 6% if only one parent has it) Positively correlated with an excessive amount of dopamine
70
What are some symptoms of Schizophrenia? What is the difference between a positive and negative symptom?
Positive = presence of strange perceptual experiences such as Hallucinations, Delusions, and Disorganized Thoughts/Speech Negative = symptoms caused by the absence of certain things, which includes Emotional Flatness, Unusual Movements, and Catatonia
71
Hallucinations
Sense experiences that occur without external stimuli (usually auditory) that the brain responds to as if they're based in reality
72
Delusion
A false belief or exaggeration that is not based in reality or is contrary to reality Can be of grandeur (ex: "I secretly have superpowers") or persecution ("Someone is out to get me")
73
Catatonia
When an individual remains in a strange, seemingly uncomfortable position for hours on end (without any reported discomfort afterwards)
74
Word Salad
Type of disorganized speech in people with Schizophrenia, which may follow grammar rules but be nonsensical or contain made-up words
75
Acute Schizophrenia
When a previously well-adjusted individual suddenly develops extreme schizophrenic symptomatology really quickly Episodes tend to be shorter Easier to treat
76
Chronic Schizophrenia
Develops slowly over time Episodes tend to be longer and more persistent Harder to treat
77
Personality Disorders
Maladaptive and inflexible patterns of cognition, emotion, and behavior
78
Clusters
Sub-categories of Personality Disorders in which they share similarities with each other 3 clusters: odd-eccentric, dramatic-emotional/erratic, and anxious-fearful
79
Odd-Eccentric Cluster
Personality disorders in which the individual feels different from others and may have difficulty relating to others Includes schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, and paranoid personality disorder
80
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Characterized by a lack of interest in relationships, little emotional response, and little interaction with or reaction to the outside world
81
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Almost like a combination of schizoid and schizophrenia Characterized by social isolation and perceptual distortions or delusions
82
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Extreme suspicion or mistrust of others in a way that is unwarranted and maladaptive May test the loyalty of friends and partners or be constantly suspicious that their partner is cheating
83
Dramatic-Emotional Cluster
AKA Erratic Personality Disorders Characterized by lots of impulsivity and attention-seeking behaviors Includes histrionic, borderline, narcissistic, and antisocial
84
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Wanting to be the center of attention in any situation, leading to dramatic, seductive, flamboyant, or exaggerated behaviors Typically ingenuine, self-centered, and/or shallow
85
Borderline Personality Disorder
Individuals have a hard time regulating their emotions and maintaining relationships (due to fear of abandonment and a cycle between idolizing and despising people close to them) Typically have an inconsistent self-image Tends to be diagnosed more in women
86
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Having an extremely arrogant self-image or inflated/grandiose sense of self-importance Often make unrealistic or unreasonable demands of others with little regard for their needs
87
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Formerly known as "sociopathy" or "psychopathy" Individuals tend not to care about social norms/expectations, run hot with anger, and be pretty reactive and impulsive Potentially dangerous (often associated with violence) Tends to be diagnosed more in men, criminals, and police officers
88
Anxious-Fearful Cluster
Characterized by high levels of anxiety that leads to artificial restriction of behavior as a coping mechanism Includes OCPD
89
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
Individuals tend to be rigid in patterns, rituals, or habits Rigid list makers, rule followers, and perfectionists Don't have the cognitive obsessions present in OCD and don't see their behaviors as irrational
90
Somatic Disorders
Disorders that focus on bodily awareness and anxiety
91
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Individual has a cognitive preoccupation with symptoms of illness and is constantly monitoring their body for symptoms
92
Factitious Disorder
Individual artificially creates illness symptoms so they can play the role of patient Like the social response that comes from being sick
93
Factitious Disorder imposed on another
Individual makes another person sick (sometimes using poison) in order to play the role of nurse Like the attention that comes from being a caretaker
94
Dissociative Disorders
Disorders marked by extreme issues with either memory and/or identity
95
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Having different identities within yourself (each with unique memories, thoughts, and behaviors) that come to the forefront at different times Also includes a blurred sense of identity, recurrent gaps in memory (leading to dissociative fugue), and feeling a lack of control Considered a controversial disorder and is often poorly portrayed in the media
96
Dissociative Amnesia
When someone forgets certain important details (ex: visual info) but not others (ex: auditory info) about a specific event, usually something frightening or traumatic
97
Dissociative Fugue
Occurs when someone becomes confused about their identity and travels to a new place with no memory of how they got there or who they are Isn't caused by brain injury like retrograde amnesia
98
Geographic differences in suicide rates
The US, Canada, and Australia have twice the rate that England, Spain, and Italy do In Europe, Belarus is the most prone to suicide, with a rate 16x higher than Georgia (the country least prone to suicide) More rural areas tend to have higher rates of suicide
99
Racial differences in suicide rates
White and Native American individuals are twice as likely to die by suicide than Black, Hispanic, or Asian Americans
100
Gender differences in suicide rates
Women are more likely to attempt suicide Men are 4x more likely to die by suicide (more likely to use guns)
101
Age differences in suicide rates
Highest rate occurs in people aged 85 and up Second highest rate is tied between people ages 75-84 and ages 25-34
102
Other Group differences in suicide rates
Higher rates in people who are rich, non-religious, unmarried, have alcohol abuse disorder, and/or are LGBT (without family support)
103
Temporal differences in suicide rates
25% of suicides occur on Wednesdays Highest rates are in April and May
104
Exposure to Suicide
Those who have had someone in their social circle die by suicide are more likely to do so as well Men who have had a coworker die by suicide are 3.5x more likely to commit it as well

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