Treatment for Psychological Disorders (Module 5 Ch 16)

Question 1

Dorothea Dix

Answer 1

An activist focused on the fair treatment of patients in hospitals
Went undercover in asylums in the 1850s = discovered the poor treatment of patients and wrote and expose on it
Was such a successful advocate that she got the pope to interfere on her behalf despite being protestant

Question 2

Anna O

Answer 2

First person to undergo therapy
Originally presented with the inability to move the right side of her body; also had trouble with hearing and speech
Probably had meningitis, but was diagnosed with hysteria (“wandering uterus”)

Question 3

Josef Breuer

Answer 3

First person to conduct therapy (“treated” Anna O)
Originally used talk therapy, which was later popularized by Freud
His methods didn’t work (cause her uterus obviously wasn’t the problem)

Question 4

Psychoanalytic Therapy vs Psychodynamic Therapy

Answer 4

The original “talk therapy” popularized by Freud (but originally used by Josef Breuer)
Focuses on uncovering unconscious motives through talking and dream interpretation
VS
The modern offshoot of Freud’s ideas, in which talk therapy is used to confront unconscious impulses and ideas

Question 5

Brodmann’s Area 25

Answer 5

Area in the prefrontal cortex that is overactive in depressed patients
Can be reset via overstimulation, which tends to leads to improvements in depression

Question 6

PsyD

Answer 6

Doctorate of Psychology that focuses on counseling training without the research components required for a PhD

Question 7

Incongruence

Answer 7

The difference between your self-concept and your reality
Greater difference = greater personal distress

Question 8

Ecological Momentary Assessments

Answer 8

Using someone’s cell phone or smartwatch to monitor their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in real-time (helps make therapy more effective)

Question 9

Insight Therapies

Answer 9

The idea that you can improve someone’s psychological wellbeing if you give insight into their underlying motives or help them understand why it’s occurring

Question 10

Active Listening

Answer 10

The therapist echoes, restates, or seeks clarification on what the patient is telling them
Patient knows that therapist is actually listening
Therapist understands what the patient is trying to communicate

Question 11

Cognitive Therapy

Answer 11

Any type of psychotherapy that works to identify and restructure irrational thought patterns

Question 12

Socratic Method

Answer 12

The therapists poses questions to the patient that are meant to highlight the lack of logic on their thought patterns
Helps with depressogenic thinking

Question 13

Depressogenic Thinking

Answer 13

Thought patterns that keep people trapped in their depression
Helplessness Theory

Question 14

Cognitive Restructuring

Answer 14

The patient is going through the process of taking irrational beliefs and replacing them with rational ones

Question 15

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Answer 15

Says that a person’s cognitions (thoughts), behaviors, and emotions are all interconnected, so making positive changes in one will positively affect the others

Question 16

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy

Answer 16

Combative type of therapy in which the therapist is really explicit in their disagreement with the patient’s thought process
Helpful for some people and not others

Question 17

Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

Answer 17

Combines CBT with mindfulness techniques so that cognitive restructuring and positive change can occur in a non-judgmental place

DBT specifically tries to cultivate mindfulness without meditation and is used to treat borderline personality disorder

Question 18

Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA)

Answer 18

Similar to CBT, but it focuses specifically on changing behaviors in order to change cognitions

Makes a list of negative behaviors the patient does; therapist helps them create a plan to change each of those behaviors

Question 19

Behavior Therapies

Answer 19

Applies the principles of classical and operant conditioning, such as token economies, as a way of changing behaviors

Question 20

Flooding

Answer 20

Way of addressing phobias that involves putting someone in a space with their phobic trigger and not letting them leave until they stop having a phobic reaction

Question 21

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 21

Building up to an interaction with the phobic trigger by addressing the reasons they’re afraid of it
Pairs relaxation with gradual exposure to a phobic trigger
Occurs in 3 levels: imagined contact, virtual contact, and real contact

More effective than flooding

Question 22

Social Skills Training

Answer 22

Commonly used to address autism or severe social anxiety
Includes 4 stages: modeling, behavioral rehearsal, shaping, and disengagement

Question 23

Modeling (in Social Skills Training)

Answer 23

Having the individual watch somebody with good social skills interact with others so they can learn by watching them

Question 24

Behavioral Rehearsal (in Social Skills Training)

Answer 24

Practicing the skills learned via modeling in a safe environment (usually a therapist office)

Question 25

Shaping (in Social Skills Training)

Answer 25

Practicing the techniques learned from modeling in the real world Starting with small techniques and social situations before working up to bigger ones

Question 26

Disengagement (in Social Skills Training)

Answer 26

When the individual now feels comfortable with social interactions

Question 27

Unconditional Positive Regard

Answer 27

The therapist must accept the patient as a person of worth regardless of the behaviors they've engaged in Doesn't mean that you have to approve of the behaviors

Question 28

Stress Inoculation Training

Answer 28

Teaching people how to restructure their thinking during stressful times Includes reappraisal

Question 29

Virtual Reality (in Cognitive Therapy)

Answer 29

Helps with systematic desensitization by having the individual interact with the phobic trigger online before doing it in the real world (creates a safe space to practice their interaction) Can also be used in avatar therapy (interacting with others online in real-time via avatars)

Question 30

Apps and Cognitive Therapy (Technology-based Therapy)

Answer 30

Zoom + Facetime make remote visits with therapists possible Mindfulness and meditation apps help with CBT

Question 31

Group Therapy

Answer 31

When a facilitator starts conversations among the group and keeps them on track (without talking over them) Includes supports groups Can be just as effective as individual therapy because it teaches people that they're not alone in their struggles

Question 32

Integrative Therapy

Answer 32

Drawing on various treatment approaches and using the one that seems most appropriate for the given situation (no loyalty to any particular method)

Question 33

What are some common denominators or similarities among most kinds of therapy?

Answer 33

Therapeutic Analysis, Providing Emotional Support/Empathy, Giving Hope and Positive Expectation, Rationale, and Opportunity for Expression

Question 34

Therapeutic Analysis

Answer 34

The therapist provides external, objective insight into the person's thought and behavior patterns, helping them to recognize their irrational thinking

Question 35

Providing Emotional Support and Empathy

Answer 35

The therapist shows the patient that they're not alone in their feelings, wrong for feeling them, and they won't be rejected for them

Question 36

Hope and Positive Expectation

Answer 36

Creating a plan or guide for where the patient wants to be at the end of their therapy journey, providing them with a sense of hope and motivation during the process

Question 37

Rationale

Answer 37

Helping someone understand the cause of certain thoughts and behaviors can help create change

Question 38

Opportunity for Expression

Answer 38

Therapy provides a critical space for people to express their thoughts and feelings, which they might not be able to do elsewhere

Question 39

What are some barriers to therapy?

Answer 39

Lack of insurance, cost concerns, time concerns, and stigma

Question 40

What does lack of insurance become a barrier to therapy?

Answer 40

Not having insurance and having insurance that doesn't cover mental health problems can make therapy expensive and inaccessible to lower-income individuals

Question 41

What are some cost concerns with therapy (even if you have insurance)?

Answer 41

Lost income due to taking time off from work, finding transportation (gas $), childcare costs

Question 42

What are some time concerns with therapy?

Answer 42

At the beginning of the process, therapists want you to go fairly often and for long periods of time (in order to build a relationship) This may take time away from other commitments or work

Question 43

How does stigma affect the desire to seek therapy? Who is less likely to seek therapy? How can this be combated?

Answer 43

May make people uncomfortable going to therapy or admitting they have a mental health problem Men, the elderly, and religious people are less likely to seek help Can be combated by open discussion

Question 44

How are psychiatrists different from psychologists?

Answer 44

Psychiatrists are MD's that are allowed to prescribe medication

Question 45

How does length of time affect medication?

Answer 45

Some people only need to be on meds for a short period of time while others (like those with schizophrenia) may need to be on it for the rest of their lives

Question 46

Joint Treatment

Answer 46

Combining medication with therapy

Question 47

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRIs)

Answer 47

Serotonin agonists One of the newest and most commonly prescribed antidepressants Only works on one neurotransmitter, meaning it has fewer side effects

Question 48

Tricyclic Antidepressants

Answer 48

Serotonin and Norepinephrine agonist Older than SSRIs and less commonly prescribed Common side effects include weight gain, irritability, and dry mouth Similar drug: SNRIs (like SSRIs but they also target norepinephrine)

Question 49

MAOIs

Answer 49

Affects Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, and Dopamine Oldest and least prescribed antidepressant (most likely to have side effects) Can interact with other medications (ex: allergy meds) and foods (ex: grapefruit) in a harmful way

Question 50

Time delay for antidepressants

Answer 50

Takes about 4 weeks to see a therapeutic change (noticeable decrease in depressive symptoms)

Question 51

What is the shared side effect among antidepressants?

Answer 51

Increased suicidal risk Short-term (meds increase energy levels first but take longer to improve mood)

Question 52

Anxiety medications

Answer 52

Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates

Question 53

Anti-psychotics

Answer 53

Dopamine antagonists commonly prescribed for schizophrenia, but can also be used to treat similar symptomology in bipolar disorder

Question 54

What kind of schizophrenic symptoms do anti-psychotics target?

Answer 54

Positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions Doesn't work on negative symptoms like catatonia

Question 55

Why do patients on anti-psychotics struggle with adherence?

Answer 55

Common for patients to stop taking meds when having delusions of grandeur or manic phases Patients who are unhoused also have difficulty staying on meds due to lack of money and means to get prescribed

Question 56

Time delay for anti-psychotics

Answer 56

Pills - typically take a week to see changes Liquids - typically work quicker than pills but have stronger side effects

Question 57

Tardive Dyskinesia

Answer 57

Overcorrecting of dopamine levels when taking anti-psychotics can lead to Parkinson's-like symptoms such as uncontrollable muscle movements (which are usually temporary, but can become permanent)

Question 58

Stimulants

Answer 58

Medication primarily used for ADHD (calms them down) Can ramp up or energize people without ADHD Prescription stimulants are less addictive than illegal kinds such as cocaine

Question 59

Lithium

Answer 59

Mood stabilizer medication used to treat bipolar disorder Can lead to a build-up in and dysfunction of the kidneys, which is potentially fatal (because of this, it's typically not prescribed unless other mood stabilizers prove ineffective)

Question 60

Electro-Convulsive Therapy (ECT)

Answer 60

Technique used to treat depressive patients that don't respond to medication Uses electrical currents to reset certain areas of the brain by inducing a seizure Takes between 6 and 8 sessions to be effective (usually done in outpatient care) Major side effect: anterograde or retrograde memory loss (that usually goes away or improves with time, but may become permanent)

Question 61

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

Answer 61

Technique to treat severe depression (similar to ECT) Exposes particular brain structures to intense magnetic fields

Question 62

Deep Brain Stimulation

Answer 62

Similar to ECT, but electrodes are implanted into the brain for stimulation of more specific neuron clusters (such as Brodmann's Area 25)

Question 63

Optogenetics

Answer 63

Using light to stimulate neural activity in certain brain regions by altering the expression of certain genes Can be helpful in treating substance abuse disorders

Question 64

Psychedelic Medicine

Answer 64

The controlled use of psychedelic drugs for the treatment of mental disorders May have long-lasting beneficial impacts after one administration or session

Question 65

Transference

Answer 65

Reacting to someone in a current relationships as if they're someone from a past relationship Similar to projection