Psychological explanations Flashcards
(14 cards)
What is classical conditioning?
A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response
Example: Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate at the sound of a bell.
What is an unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s experiment?
Food
Food naturally elicits salivation, which is an unconditioned response.
What is a conditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s experiment?
Bell or ticking metronome
Initially a neutral stimulus that became associated with food.
What is a conditioned response in Pavlov’s experiment?
Salivation in response to the bell or metronome
This response occurs after the conditioning process.
How does Mower (1947) explain the maintenance of fear reactions?
Fears are maintained through operant conditioning
This involves the reinforcement of avoidance behaviors.
What happens to classically conditioned behaviors over time if the conditioned stimulus is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus?
They usually become extinct
Example: Albert’s fear of rats should decrease without the loud noise.
What role does avoidance play in fear-related disorders?
Avoidance helps to escape unpleasant feelings of fear
This behavior is negatively reinforced, making it more frequent.
What is negatively reinforced behavior in the context of fear?
Avoidance of feared objects or situations
It leads to a cycle where fear is not unlearned.
True or False: Fear reactions can be positively reinforced.
True
Comfort and reassurance from others can strengthen fear responses.
What is phobias based on?
The principles of classical conditioning that an individual may develop a phobia of a harmless, semi if it appeared with a frightening experience
Explain the idea of classical conditioning
When presented a neutral stimulus at the same time as a unconditioned stimulus, the the two stimulus is will become associated then a condition stimulus would be used in order to provoke the association
What happens after classical conditioning has been obtained to reinforce the behavior
Once fear has been established through classical conditioning, the fears are maintained by the principal is upper conditioning to prevent extension. This could be either through negative enforcement or positive enforcement.
What is negative enforcement
Negative reinforcement means reinforcing a behavior through avoidance to help them escape and unpleasant feeling of fear
What is positive reinforcement
Positive reinforcement is when a behavior is reinforced or renewed by rewarding behaviors, such as providing comfort and reassurance these behaviors the well intention tend to reinforce or strengthen the fear only encouraging it
