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Psychology - IN FOCUS Forensic > Psychological explanations: Eysenck's theory > Flashcards

Psychological explanations: Eysenck's theory Flashcards

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1
Q

Eysenck was an important figure in…

A

personality and intelligence research

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2
Q

Eysenck was an important figure in personality and intelligence research during which time period?

A

The middle of the 20th century

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3
Q

Eysenck most notably proposed that behaviour could be represented along how many dimensions?

A

2, although he later added a third dimension

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4
Q

Eysenck most notably proposed that behaviour could be represented along which two dimensions?

A

Introversion-extraversion (E) and neuroticism-stability (N)

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5
Q

Introversion-extraversion and neuroticism-stability combine to form…

A

a variety of personality characteristics or traits

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6
Q

What was the third dimension that Eysenck later added?

A

Psychoticism-sociability (P)

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7
Q

Which of Eysenck’s dimensions that he proposed represented behaviour is E short for?

A

Introversion-extraversion

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8
Q

Which of Eysenck’s dimensions that he proposed represented behaviour is N short for?

A

Neuroticism-stability

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9
Q

Which of Eysenck’s dimensions that he proposed represented behaviour is P short for?

A

Psychoticism-sociability

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10
Q

Eysenck said that personality is linked to offending behaviour via what?

A

Socialisation processes

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11
Q

Eysenck saw offending behaviour as developmentally ________

A

immature

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12
Q

Eysenck saw offending behaviour as s______ and concerned with…

A

immediate gratification

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13
Q

Eysenck said that offenders are impatient and…

A

cannot wait for things

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14
Q

Eysenck said that personality is linked to offending behaviour via socialisation processes. What is the process of socialisation?

A

Children are taught to become more able to delay gratification - more socially oriented

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15
Q

Eysenck believed that people with high introversion-extraversion and neuroticism-stability scores had…

A

nervous systems that made them difficult to control

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16
Q

Eysenck believed that people with high introversion-extraversion and neuroticism-stability scores were less likely to…

A

learn anxiety responses to antisocial impulses

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17
Q

Eysenck believed that people with high introversion-extraversion and neuroticism-stability scores were more likely to…

A

act antisocially in situations where the opportunity presented itself

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18
Q

The notion that personality can e measured is one that is central to which psychological explanation for offending?

A

Eysenck’s

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19
Q

What did Eysenck develop?

A

The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)

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20
Q

What was the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire?

A

A form of psychological test which locates respondents along the E, N and P dimensions to determine their personality type

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21
Q

Why was the EPQ a very important part of Eysenck’s theory?

A

It enabled him to conduct research relating personality variables to other behaviours, such as criminality

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22
Q

The EPQ means we can see how…

A

the criminality personality differs from the rest of the population across dimensions

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23
Q

What have critics suggested about the EPQ?

A

Personality type may not be reducible to a ‘score’ in this way - personality is too complex and dynamic to be quantified if indeed such a thing exists

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24
Q

Critics argue that personality is too complex and dynamic to be quantified - this questions whether there is such thing as…

A

personality, or a ‘criminal’ personality

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25
According to Eysenck, our personality traits are __________ in origin
biological
26
According to Eysenck how do our personality traits come about?
Through the type of nervous system we inherit
27
According to Eysenck, all ___________ _____ have an innate, biological basis
personality types
28
According to Eysenck, extraverts have an...
underactive nervous system
29
According to Eysenck, extraverts have an underachieve nervous system. What does this mean about their behaviour?
They constantly seek excitement, stimulation and are likely to engage in risk-taking behaviours
30
According to Eysenck which personality type tend not to condition easily and therefore do not learn from their mistakes?
Extraverts
31
Eysenck said that extraverts tend not to condition easily and therefore...
do not learn from their mistakes
32
According to Eysenck, people with a neurotic personality type have a high level of...
reactivity in the sympathetic nervous system
33
According to Eysenck, people with a neurotic personality type have a high level of reactivity in the sympathetic nervous system. This means that they respond quickly to...
situations of threat
34
According to Eysenck, people with a neurotic personality type have a high level of reactivity in the sympathetic nervous system. This means that they tend to be...
nervous, jumpy and overanxious
35
The high level of reactivity that Eysenck said was in the sympathetic nervous system of people with a neurotic personality type means that their behaviour is often...
difficult to predict
36
People with the psychotic personality type are suggested to have higher levels of what?
Testosterone
37
Eysenck said that people with the psychotic personality type are...
unemotional and prone to aggression
38
What is the criminal personality type according to Eysenck?
Neurotic-extravert-psychotic
39
Neurotics are unstable and therefore prone to do what in situations of threat?
Overreact
40
Extraverts seek more arousal and thus engage in what according to Eysenck?
Dangerous activities
41
Psychotics are aggressive and lack what according to Eysenck?
Empathy
42
What did Farrington et al. (1982) conduct?
A meta-analysis of relevant studies to Eysenck's theory
43
What did Farrington et al. (1982) report about how offenders tended to score on measures of psychoticism?
They tended to score highly
44
Farrington et al. (1982) reported that offenders tended to score high on measures of psychoticism, but not...
for extraversion and neuroticism
45
True/False: Farrington et al. (1982) reported that offenders tended to score high on measures of psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism
False, they tended to score high on measures of psychoticism, but not for extraversion and neuroticism
46
Farrington et al. (1982) found inconsistent evidence of differences on EEG measures (used to measure cortical arousal) between...
extraverts and introverts
47
Farrington et al. (1982) found inconsistent evidence of differences on EEG measures (used to measure cortical arousal) between extraverts and introverts. This supports/casts doubt on the physiological basis of Eysenck's theory
casts doubt on
48
True/False: Some of the central assumptions of the criminal personality have been challenged
True
49
Criminal personality may vary according to culture. This is something that Eysenck took/didn't take into account
didn't take
50
Bartol et al. (1979) studied which group of people?
Hispanic and African-American offenders in a maximum security prison in New York
51
In Bartol et al. (1979)'s study, researchers divided offenders into how many groups?
six
52
In Bartol et al. (1979)'s study, researchers divided offenders based on what?
Their offending history and the nature of their offences
53
What did Bartol et al. (1979) find?
All six groups were less extravert than a non-offender group
54
How do Bartol et al. (1979)'s findings challenge Eysenck's theory?
It was found that all six groups were less extravert than a non-offender control group. Eysenck would expect them to be more extravert
55
Why did Bartol et al. (1979) suggest their findings were unexpected in relation to Eysenck's theory?
Because the sample was a very different cultural group
56
The fact that Bartol et al. (1979) found that groups of offenders from another culture were less extraverted than the non-offender control groups questions...
how far the criminal personality can be generalised
57
The criminal personality may be a __________ relative concept
culturally
58
Eysenck et al. (1977) compared ____ prisoners' scores on the ___ with ____ controls
2070, EPQ, 2422
59
Eysenck et al. (1977) compared ____ prisoners' scores on the EPQ with 2422 controls
2070
60
Eysenck et al. (1977) compared 2070 prisoners' scores on what with 2422 controls?
The EPQ
61
Eysenck et al. (1977) compared 2070 prisoners' scores on the EPQ with how many controls?
2422
62
Eysenck et al. (1977) found that prisoners recorded higher/lower average scores on the EPQ than controls
higher
63
Eysenck et al. (1977) found that prisoners recorded higher average scores on the EPQ than controls on which measures?
Extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism
64
True/False: Eysenck et al. (1977)'s findings that prisoners recorded higher average EPQ scores than controls on extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism were restricted to the 18-25 age category
False, this was tested across all age groups
65
Eysenck et al. (1977)'s findings agrees with the predictions of the theory that...
offenders rate higher than average across the three dimensions Eysenck identified
66
Eysenck et al. (1977)'s findings agree with/challenge his theory
agree with
67
Moffitt (1993) criticised Eysenck's theory by saying it's too...
simplistic
68
Moffitt (1993) drew a distinction between offending behaviour that only occurs in ___________ and that which...
adolescence, continues to adulthood
69
What did Moffitt (1993) call offending behaviour that only occurs in adolescence?
Adolescence-limited
70
What did Moffitt (1993) call offending behaviour that continues into adulthood?
Life-course-persistent
71
What did Moffitt (1993) argue about personality traits in relation to Eysenck's theory?
Personality traits alone are a poor predictor of how long offending behaviour will go on for in the sense of whether someone is likely to become a 'career offender'
72
Moffitt (1993) argued that personality traits alone are a poor predictor of how long offending behaviour will go on for in the sense of whether someone is likely to become a...
'career offender'
73
Moffitt (1993) considered persistence in offending behaviour to be the result of a reciprocal process between...
individual personality traits on the one hand, and environmental reactions to those traits on the other
74
Moffitt (1993) considered persistence in offending behaviour to be the result of a __________ _______
reciprocal process
75
Moffitt (1993)'s consideration that persistence in offending behaviour is the result of a reciprocal process presents a more...
complex picture than Eysenck suggested
76
Moffitt (1993) suggested that the course of offending behaviour is determined by an...
interaction between personality and the environment
77
Moffitt (1993) suggested that the course of offending behaviour is determined by an interaction between personality and the environment. This presents a more...
complex picture than Eysenck suggested

Psychology - IN FOCUS Forensic (7 decks)

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