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1
Q

The superego works on ________ principle

A

morality

2
Q

How does the superego exert its influence?

A

Punishes the ego through guilt for wrongdoing and rewards the ego with pride for good moral behaviour

3
Q

What is the effect of an inadequate superego?

A

To allow primitive, emotional demands to become uppermost in guiding moral behaviour

4
Q

The effect of an inadequate superego is to allow primitive, emotional demands such as what to become uppermost in guiding moral behaviour?

A

Weak, deviant and over-harsh

5
Q

The effect of an inadequate superego is to allow primitive, emotional demands to become uppermost in guiding moral behaviour. This is a key feature of which approach to offender behaviour?

A

Psychodynamic

6
Q

The effect of an inadequate superego is to allow primitive, emotional demands to become uppermost in guiding moral behaviour. This is a key feature of the psychodynamic approach and marks it out as…

A

different from the other explanations of crime

7
Q

The psychodynamic approach deals with which part of the individual?

A

Their emotional life

8
Q

Which approach to offender behaviour acknowledges the role of anxiety and guilt in the development of offending behaviour?

A

The psychodynamic approach

9
Q

The psychodynamic approach acknowledges the role of what in the development of offending behaviour?

A

Anxiety and guilt

10
Q

The psychodynamic approach says that what is relevant to understanding offending behaviour?

A

Lack of guilt

11
Q

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation argued that the ability to form meaningful relationships in adulthood was dependent on the what?

A

The child forming a warm, continuous relationship with a mother-figure

12
Q

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation argues that failure to establish what kind of relationship means a child is likely to experience a number of damaging and irreversible consequences in later life?

A

A warm, continuous relationship with a mother-figure

13
Q

Which theory argues that failure to establish a warm, continuous relationship with a mother-figure during the first few years of life means a child is likely to experience a number of damaging and irreversible consequences in later life?

A

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation

14
Q

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation argues that failure to establish a warm, continuous relationship with a mother-figure during which point in life means a child is likely to experience a number of damaging and irreversible consequences in later life?

A

The first few years

15
Q

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation argues that failure to establish a warm, continuous relationship with a mother-figure during the first few years of life means a child is likely to experience a number of damaging and irreversible consequences, one of which being aff…

A

affectionless psychopathy

16
Q

What is affection less psychopathy characterised by?

A

A lack of guilt, empathy and feeling for others

17
Q

What does Bowlby suggest that affectionless psychopathy is caused by?

A

Maternal deprivation

18
Q

What are affectionless psychopaths likely to engage in?

A

Acts of delinquency

19
Q

True/False: Affectionless psychopaths can develop close relationships with others

A

False, they cannot

20
Q

True/False: Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation is supported by his own investigation

A

True

21
Q

Who did Bowlby study in his investigation supporting his theory?

A

44 juvenile thieves

22
Q

Bowlby found that __ of the sample he studied showed personality and behavioural characteristics that could be classified as affection less psychopathy?

A

14

23
Q

Bowlby found that 14 of the sample he studied showed personality and behavioural characteristics that could be classified as…

A

affection less psychopathy

24
Q

How did Bowlby study his sample of 44 juvenile thieves?

A

Through interviews with the thieves and families

25
Q

Of the 14 in Bowlby’s sample who showed personality and behavioural characteristics that could be classified as affection less psychopathy, how many had experienced prolonged separation from their mothers during infancy?

A

12

26
Q

Of the 14 in Bowlby’s sample who showed personality and behavioural characteristics that could be classified as affection less psychopathy, 12 had experienced prolonged separation from their mothers during infancy - in particular during which point in their life?

A

The first two years

27
Q

Of the 14 in Bowlby’s sample who showed personality and behavioural characteristics that could be classified as affection less psychopathy, 12 had experienced prolonged separation from their mothers during infancy. What was the figure for the non-offender group?

A

2

28
Q

What did Bowlby conclude about his juvenile thieves in his study?

A

The effects of maternal deprivation had caused affectionless and delinquent behaviour among the juvenile thieves

29
Q

True/False: Bowlby’s theory is only based on association between maternal deprivation with offending

A

True

30
Q

What did Lewis (1954) do in relation to Bowlby’s theory?

A

Analysed data drawn from interviews with 500 young people

31
Q

Lewis (1954) analysed data drawn from interviews with how many young people?

A

500

32
Q

What did Lewis (1954) find about maternal deprivation in their analysis of data drawn from interviews with 500 young people?

A

Maternal deprivation was a poor predictor of future offending and the ability to form close relationships in adolescence

33
Q

Lewis (1954) analysed data drawn from interviews with 500 young people and found that maternal deprivation was a poor predictor of which two things?

A

Future offending behaviour and the ability to form close relationships in adolescence

34
Q

Lewis (1954) analysed data drawn from interviews with 500 young people and found that maternal deprivation was a poor predictor of future offending and…

A

the ability to form close relationships in adolescence

35
Q

Lewis (1954) analysed data drawn from interviews with 500 young people and found that maternal deprivation was a poor predictor of the ability to form close relationships in adolescence and…

A

future offending

36
Q

Even if there is a link between children who have experienced frequent or prolonged separation from their mothers and offending in later life, Lewis’ analysis suggests this is not necessarily…

A

A causal relationship

37
Q

True/False: Maternal deprivation may be due to growing up in poverty

A

True

38
Q

True/False: Maternal deprivation may be due to growing up in poverty. This can’t explain later offending

A

False, it can

39
Q

The fact that there are countless other reasons for the apparent link between children who have experienced frequent or prolonged separation from their mothers and offending later in life suggests that…

A

maternal deprivation may be one of the reasons for later offending behaviour, but not the only reason

40
Q

Blackburn (1993) argued that if the superego is somehow deficient or inadequate then…

A

offending behaviour is inevitable

41
Q

Blackburn (1993) argued that a deficient or inadequate superego has what effect on the id?

A

It is given ‘free rein’ - not properly controlled

42
Q

How many types of inadequate superego have been proposed?

A

Three

43
Q

What is the cause of a weak superego?

A

The same-gender parent being absent during the phallic stage

44
Q

If the same-gender parent is absent during the phallic stage a child cannot…

A

internalise a fully-formed superego and therefore there is no opportunity for identification

45
Q

If the same-gender parent is absent during the phallic stage a child cannot internalise a fully-formed superego. Therefore there is no opportunity for…

A

identification

46
Q

What is the effect of a weak superego?

A

Would make imoral or offending bheaviour more likely

47
Q

If the superego that a child internalises has immoral or deviant values this would lead to…

A

offending behaviour

48
Q

A boy who is raised by a criminal father is not likely to associate guilt with wrongdoing. This is an example of which type of inadequate superego?

A

The deviant superego

49
Q

What is a healthy superego based on?

A

Identification with a parent who has firm rules but forgives transgressions

50
Q

What does an excessively punitive or overly harsh parenting style lead to in terms of the psychodynamic approach?

A

A child with an over-harsh superego

51
Q

A child with an over-harsh superego is crippled with…

A

guilt and anxiety

52
Q

A child with an over-harsh superego is crippled with guilt and anxiety. How is this related to offender behaviour?

A

This may unconsciously drive the individual to perform criminal acts

53
Q

A child with an over-harsh superego is crippled with guilt and anxiety that may unconsciously drive the individual to perform criminal acts in order to…

A

satisfy the superego’s overwhelming need for punishment

54
Q

True/False: There is research support for the link between offending and the superego

A

True

55
Q

Goreta (1991) conducted a ________-style analysis of ten offenders referred for psychiatric treatment

A

Freudian

56
Q

Goreta (1991) conducted a Freudian-style analysis of how many offenders that were referred for psychiatric treatment?

A

10

57
Q

Goreta (1991) conducted a Freudian-style analysis of 10 offenders that were referred for…

A

psychiatric treatment

58
Q

In all of the 10 offenders referred for psychiatric treatment studied by Goreta (1991), what was diagnosed?

A

Disturbances to superego formation

59
Q

Each of the 10 offenders referred for psychiatric treatment studied by Goreta (1991) experienced…

A

unconscious feelings of guilt and the need for self-punishment

60
Q

Each of the 10 offenders referred for psychiatric treatment studied by Goreta (1991) experienced unconscious feelings of guilt and the need for self-punishment. How did Goreta explain this?

A

As the consequence of an over-harsh superego - the need for punishment manifesting itself as a desire to commit acts of wrongdoing and offend

61
Q

Each of the 10 offenders referred for psychiatric treatment studied by Goreta (1991) experienced unconscious feelings of guilt and the need for self-punishment. Goreta said this was as a consequence of an over-hash superego - the need for…

A

punishment manifesting itself as a desire to commit acts of wrongdoing and offend

62
Q

Goreta’s Freudian-style analysis of ten offenders seems to support the role of…

A

psychic conflicts and an over-harsh superego as a basis for offending

63
Q

True/False: Generally, the central principles of the inadequate superego are not supported

A

True

64
Q

If the theory of the inadequate superego was correct, we would expect, harsh, punitive parents to…

A

raise children who constantly experience feelings of guilt and anxiety

65
Q

If the theory of the inadequate superego was correct, we would expect harsh, punitive parents to raise children who constantly experience feelings of guilt and anxiety. Is there evidence that opposes this?

A

Yes, evidence suggests that the opposite is true

66
Q

Parents who rely on harsher forms of discipline tend to raise children who are…

A

rebellious and rarely express feelings of guilt or self-criticism

67
Q

The fact that parents who rely on harsher forms of discipline tend to raise children who are rebellious and rarely express feelings of guilt or self-criticism calls into question the…

A

relationship between a strong, punitive parent and excessive feelings of guilt within the child as suggested by the inadequate superego

68
Q

An implicit assumption within Freud’s theory is that girls develop a stronger/weaker superego than boys

A

weaker

69
Q

An implicit assumption within Freud’s theory is that girls develop a weaker superego than boys because…

A

identification with the same-gender parent is not as strong - girls don’t experience the intense emotion associated with castration anxiety

70
Q

According to Freud, girls do not experience the intense emotion associated with castration anxiety and therefore are under less pressure to identify…

A

with their mothers than boys are with their fathers

71
Q

According to Freud, girls’ superego (and consequently their sense of morality) is more/less fully realised due to their lack of castration anxeity

A

less

72
Q

According to Freud, girls’ superego (and consequently their sense of morality) is less fully realised due to their lack of castration anxiety. The implication of this is that women should be more/less prone to offending behaviour than men

A

more

73
Q

According to Freud, girls’ superego (and consequently their sense of morality) is less fully realised due to their lack of castration anxiety. The implication of this is that women should be more prone to offending behaviour than men, however…

A

rates of imprisonment show that the opposite is more likely to be true

74
Q

In the UK about __ times more men are in prison than women

A

20

75
Q

True/False: In Hoffman (1975)’s study where children were required to resist temptation, hardly any evidence of gender differences were found

A

True

76
Q

In Hoffman (1975)’s study where children were required to resist temptation, hardly any evidence of gender differences were found and when there was…

A

girls tended to be more moral than little boys

77
Q

In Hoffman (1975)’s study where children were required to resist temptation, hardly any evidence of gender differences were found and when there was, girls tended to be more moral than little boys. What does this suggest about Freud’s theory?

A

There is alpha bias at the heart of Freud’s theory - it may not be appropriate as an explanation of offending behaviour

78
Q

The fact that Freud’s theory may suffer from alpha bias means it may not be…

A

appropriate as an explanation of offending behaviour

79
Q

Which explanations were some of the first to link early experience in childhood to moral behaviour and offending?

A

Psychodynamic

80
Q

Psychodynamic explanations were some of the first to link early experience in childhood to moral behaviour and offending - something that is now regarded as…

A

common sense in contemporary contemporary criminology

81
Q

Which explanation for offending draws attention to the emotional basis of offending, a factor that is largely ignored by other explanations?

A

Psychodynamic

82
Q

The many unconscious concepts within psychodynamic theory are/aren’t open to empirical testing.

A

aren’t

83
Q

In the absence of supporting evidence, arguments such as the inadequate superego can only be judged on…

A

their face value rather than their scientific worth

84
Q

We must consider if the contribution of psychodynamic theory outweighs its lack of…

A

scientific rigour