Psychology 3 & 4 Flashcards
(445 cards)
1
Q
Accuracy
A
Relates to how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity being measured
2
Q
Acquisition
A
Overall period of time taken to acquire the learnt response
3
Q
Action potential
A
The neural message, in the form of an electrical impulse, sent down the axon of a neuron when certain conditions met
4
Q
Adrenaline
A
Increases physiological arousal and contributes to the consolidation of emotionally arousing memories
5
Q
Agonist
A
A type of drug that imitates neurotransmitters and works to initiate a neural response (excitatory or inhibitory) when it binds to the receptor sites of the neuron
6
Q
Aim
A
A statement outlining the purpose of the study
7
Q
Alarm reaction
A
The first stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome which involves the body’s initial decline (shock) and then rise in arousal to a stressor (counter-shock)
8
Q
Allocation
A
The process of assigning participants to conditions in the experiment for the research
9
Q
Alpha waves
A
Medium sized brain waves with medium-high frequency and low-medium amplitude which indicate an alert but relaxed state.
10
Q
altered state of consciousness (ASC)
A
A state of consciousness that is characterised by different levels of awareness as compared to normal waking consciousness.
11
Q
Alzheimer’s disease
A
A neurodegenerative disease that involves the progressive loss of neurons in the brain and is characterised by memory decline
12
Q
Amplitude
A
Indicates the intensity or strength of brain waves, how much neurons are firing at the same time together
13
Q
Amygdala
A
A brain structure in the temporal midbrain involved retrieving explicit memories (specifically emotionally driven ones)
14
Q
Amyloid plaques
A
abnormal build-up of beta-amyloid protein found between the synapses of neurons, which interferes with the communication BETWEEN neurons
15
Q
Antagonist
A
A type of drug that works to prevent a neural response (excitatory or inhibitory) by blocking the receptor sites of a neuron
16
Q
amnesia
A
a condition where new explicit memories cannot be effectively consolidated after trauma to the hippocampus
17
Q
Anxiety
A
A psychological and physiological response that involves feelings of worry and apprehension
18
Q
Appraisal
A
an assessment or evaluation
19
Q
Approach strategies
A
Coping strategies which confront the source of the stressors
20
Q
Atkinson-Shiffrin multi store model of memory
A
a model of memory which outlines the flow of information in memory formation and retrieval through three separate stores of memory (sensory, short-term and long-term) each of which have a different function, capacity and duration
21
Q
Attention stage
A
the first stage of the observational learning where learners must actively focus on the model in order to learn.
22
Q
Autonomic nervous system
A
the branch of the PNS responsible for connecting the CNS and the body’s visceral (non-skeletal) organs, muscles and glands like the heart and liver. Ensured they are regulated without conscious awareness
23
Q
Avoidance strategies
A
coping strategies that evade the stressor, seeking to reduce stress by indirectly dealing with it
24
Q
Axon
A
The pathway down which the neural message travels from one end of neuron to other.
25
Axon terminals
The ends of the neuron that releases a message into the synapse
26
Behaviour
a voluntary action in response to an antecedent.
27
Benign-positive
an initial appraisal of a stimulus as neutral or good, and not causing stress for an individual
28
Benzodiazepines (biological)
A medication that act as an agonist (mimicking GABA), increasing the inhibitory response of GABA, helps reduce anxiety
29
Beta waves
fast, small brain waves with high frequency and low amplitude, indicating high levels of alertness
30
What do biological protective factors do?
factors that increase resilience by supporting healthy physiological functioning
31
What does biological risk factors do?
factors relating to the body that increase the risk of developing a mental health disorder
32
Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
a measure of how much alcohol is in a person's blood
33
Brain
The body's information centre, responsible for initiating and processing actions, thoughts and behaviour
34
Brain trauma
damage to the brain that is caused by an external force
35
Brain wave
a pattern of electrical current in the brain caused by neurons communicating, visually represented as a wave
36
Breathing retraining (biological)
a method used to teach someone breathing control techniques that they can apply when facing their phobic stimulus
37
Bright light therapy
a method used to adjust a person's circadian rhythm through exposure to a high-intensity light source
38
Case study
An in-depth investigation of an individual, group, or particular phenomenon that contains a real or hypothetical situation and includes the complexities that would be encountered in the real world
39
Catastrophic thinking
a kind of cognitive bias in which a stimulus or event is predicted to be far worse than it is likely to be in reality.
40
Central nervous system
the brain and the spinal cord, responsible for sending motor messages to and receiving sensory messages from the peripheral nervous system
41
Cerebellum
a brain structure in the base of the brain which encodes and stores implicit procedural memories
42
Cerebral cortex
a brain structure where long-term memories are stored
43
Challenge appraisal
a further appraisal of a stressor as potentially providing a good opportunity for growth or change for the individual
44
Circadian Rhythm Sleep disorders
A category of sleep disorders due to constant pattern of sleep disruption from misalignment between the circadian rhythm and sleep-wake schedule
45
Circadian rhythm
are biological and behavioural changes that occur as part of a cycle that lasts around 24 hours (sleep-wake cycle)
46
Classical conditioning
Learning that occurs through the repeated association of two (or more) different stimuli (learner is passive)
47
Classically conditioned memory
a type of implicit memory which involves an involuntary response, such as fear, to a stimulus which has repeatedly been associated with an emotionally arousing stimulus
48
Cognition
the mental processes an individual performs in order to understand and process information
49
Cognitive behavioural strategies
techniques of cognitive behavioural therapy used to change dysfunctional thought and behavioural pattern, including: challenging dysfunctional thinking, exploring causes of dysfunctional thinking and reframing these, identify thought patterns
50
Cognitive behavioural therapy (Psychological)
Focuses on helping the person change negative thoughts (e.g. memory bias) by replacing them with more positive, realistic ones. It replaces negative behaviours (i.e. avoidance) for more positive and helpful ones.
51
Cognitive bias
Tendency to think in a way that involves errors of judgment and faulty decision-making, can view phobia's certain stimuli as threatening.
52
Conclusion
a statement regarding the results of an investigation as to whether the hypothesis was supported or not
53
Conditioned response (CR)
a response caused by a conditioned stimulus
54
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
a stimulus that elicits a response due to it being paired with an unconditioned stimulus (presented at the same time)
55
Confidentiality
the right of the participant for their personal details to remain private
56
Confounding variables
Variables other than the IV that have directly an effect on the dependent variable
57
Consciousness
Awareness of our own internal mental processes, including your thoughts, feelings, sensations and perceptions as well as your awareness of the external world around you
58
Consciousness continuum
A progression of states of consciousness ranging from least aware to most aware
59
Consequence
an event following an action that makes it either more or less likely to occur again
60
Context dependent cues
stimuli in the physical environment where a memory is recalled that act as a prompt to retrieve memories formed in the environment
61
Context-specific effectiveness
when the coping strategy or mechanism used is appropriate for the demands of the stressor
62
Control group
a group that is used as a basis for comparison (they are not exposed to the experimental conditions or independent variable)
63
Convenience sampling
when a sample is selected using the quickest and easiest means possible, selecting people who are readily available from the population
64
Coping
the process of dealing with stress
65
Coping flexibility
The ability to replace an ineffective coping strategy with a different strategy that is more suited in dealing with the stressor
66
Cortisol
a hormone released into the body in times of stress
67
Counterbalancing
A method to reduce order effects that involves ordering experimental conditions in a certain way
68
Cross-sectional study
when data is collected from participants from different segments of the population to represent a "snapshot" in time
69
Debriefing
occurs at the conclusion of an experiment and involves the researcher outlining the nature of the experiment to participants and includes ensuring that participants do not leave the experiment with lasting harm
70
Deception
When the participant is unaware of the true nature of the experiment
71
Delta waves
slow and large brain waves with low frequency and high amplitude, indicating very low levels of alertness
72
Dendrites
the bushy spines of a neuron that receive a message
73
Dependent variable
the variable that is being measured in an experiment for changes it experience due to the independent variable
74
Depressants
a class of drugs that reduce central nervous system and body activity, reducing levels of alertness compared to NWC
75
Distress
a form of stress characterised by a negative psychological state
76
Dopamine
A neuromodulator primarily responsible for voluntary motor movement,
the experience of pleasure, and reward-based learning
77
Double-blind procedure
a procedure in which both the participant and the person conducting the experiment are unaware of which condition participants have been allocated to, in order to reduce experimenter bias
78
Echoic memory
a type of sensory memory which temporarily stores auditory information
79
Elaborative rehearsal
encoding new information by meaningfully linking it to information already stored in long-term memory to enhance its storage and later retrieval
80
Electro-oculograph (EOG)
a device that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the muscles surrounding the eyes
81
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
a device that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the brain
82
Electromyograph (EMG)
a device that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the body's muscles
83
Emotion-focused coping
the use of coping strategies that target the emotional components of a stressor, dealing with it indirectly rather than confronting its source
84
Emotional wellbeing
Involves the ability to appropriately control and express their own emotions in an adaptive way, as well as understand the emotions of others
85
Encoding
the process of converting raw information from stimuli into a useable form which can be stored in the brain
86
Episodic memory
the explicit memory of personally experienced events (autobiographical memory)
87
Eustress
a form of stress characterised by a positive psychological state
88
excitatory effect
when a neurotransmitter causes the postsynaptic neuron to become more likely to fire an action potential
89
Exhaustion stage
The final stage of the general adaptation syndrome which involves the body's defences and energy levels depleting, leading to a greatly reduced ability to cope with current and future stressors
90
Experiment
a study conducted in a carefully controlled environment to measure the cause and effect between variables
91
Experimental group
the group within an experiment that are exposed to experimental conditions (the IV)
92
Experimenter effects
occur when an experimenters expectations about the study influence the results
93
Explicit memory/declarative memory
a type of long-term memory that can be consciously retrieved
94
External factors
factors which arise from the environment of an individual and contribute to their mental health
95
External validity
is the extent to which the results of an investigation can be applied to similar individuals in different settings
96
Functioning
The way in which an individual approaches everyday demands and operates within their environment
97
Extraneous variable
variables other then the independent variable that may produce unwanted results in an experiment
98
Fight-flight-freeze response
Initiated by sympathetic nervous system and prepares body to confront a stressful situation to optimize the chance of survival.
99
Frequency
Indicates the speed of the brain waves, how much activity is happening. Measured between the peaks
100
GABA
a type of inhibitory neurotransmitter that blocks or inhibits brain signals, largely associated with calming feelings of anxiety, stress, or fear
101
GABA dysfunction
an insufficient neural transmission or reception of GABA in the body
102
General Adaptation Syndrome
a model that examines the biological stages of stress involved in responding to persistent stressor
103
Genetic vulnerability
a person's genetic predisposition that increase their susceptibility to developing a mental health disorder
104
Glutamate
a type of excitatory neurotransmitter that sends signals to other cells to create large brain networks. Helps with formation and retrieval of memory, enabling learning.
105
Harm/loss appraisal
a further appraisal of a stressor as having caused some damage for an individual
106
High levels of functioning
the ability for an individual to approach day-to-day tasks independently and effectively to meet everyday demands
107
Hippocampus
Encodes (forms), consolidates (sets) and retrieves explicit memories
108
Hypothesis
A testable prediction that identifies the population, and the strength and direction, of a relationship between two variables
109
Iconic memory
a type of sensory memory which temporarily stores visual information
110
Implicit memory/non-declarative memory
a type of long term memory that is retrieved unconsciously
111
Between subjects Design
an experimental design in which participants are split into two or more groups; typically a control group and an experiment group/s
112
Independent variable
the variable that the experimenter manipulates (changes) in order to observe the effect it causes on the dependent variable
113
Informed consent
ensuring participants have a thorough understanding of the procedures involved in the research they are partaking in, including potential harm or risks, and still willingly agree to participate
114
Inhibitory effect
when a neurotransmitter causes the postsynaptic neuron to become less likely to fire an action potential
115
Internal validity
the extent to which the changes in the dependent variable are caused by the independent variable, and not other variables
116
Interneurons
Transmit information between sensory and motor neurons, they are the most numerous neurons in the Brain, not found in PNS.
117
Interview
a type of questionnaire that is usually conducted verbally, involving the researcher asking the participants questions and recording their responses
118
Levels of awareness
the degree to which an individual is conscious of stimuli
119
Long-term depression (LTD)
The decrease in synaptic strength through low frequency stimulation of the neural pathway
120
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
The increase in synaptic strength through high frequency stimulation of the neural pathway
121
Long-term memory
Stores a potentially unlimited amount of information for a very long period of time, possibly permanently
122
Maintenance rehearsal
Repeating new information over and over to keep it in the STM memory as long as possible
123
Memory
the process of encoding, storing and retrieving learned information
124
Memory bias
Exaggerated recollection of phobic events, e.g. remembering a frog being bigger than it really was
125
Mental wellbeing
An individual’s current state of mind, including their ability to think, process information, and regulate emotions
126
Mental health continuum
a tool used to track progression of mental health which constantly fluctuates over time, progressing from mentally healthy, to mental health problem, to mental health disorders
127
Mental health disorder
A mental illness that can interfere with a person's thoughts, emotions, perceptions and behaviors, disrupting normal function
128
Mental health problem
a psychological state that is temporarily hindered by the presence of a disturbance to normal functioning, which has negative, but not severe impacts on everyday functioning
129
Motivation stage
The fourth stage of observational learning. The learner must want to reproduce the behaviour in order for learning to occur
130
Motor neurons
neurons that transmit information (motor neural messages) about voluntary movement from the CNS to the PNS
131
Myelin
the fatty protein substance that surrounds and insulates the axon of a neuron
132
Naturally occurring altered states of consciousness
a type of altered state of consciousness that occurs without intervention
133
Negative reinforcement
when a stimulus is removed in order to encourage a behaviour to occur again
134
Neural plasticity
the ability for the brain to physically change in response to experience
135
Neural transmission
the process in which a neuron sends a message
136
Neural reception
The process in which a neuron accepts or receives a message
137
Neurodegenerative disease
a disease characterised by the progressive loss of neurons in the brain
138
Neurofibrillary tangles
abnormal build-up of protein within a neuron associated with cell death. This also disrupts communication WITHIN and BETWEEN neurons
139
Neuron
a nerve cell responsible for transmitting, receiving and processing information
140
Neurotransmitter
a chemical substance that carries information between neurons
141
Neutral stimulus (NS)
a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response
142
No-harm principle
the role of the researcher to ensure that all participants within an investigation do not experience mental or physical harm
143
Normal waking consciousness (NWC)
a state of being awake and aware of internal and external stimuli
144
NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep
NREM is a type of sleep characterised by a progressive
decline in physiological activity. Gets shorter in time per episode
145
Objective data
data that can be observed or measured by multiple people and obtain the same results
146
Observational learning
a type of learning that occurs through watching the actions of a model and the consequences that their actions recieve
147
Observational study
a type of study in which data is collected through careful monitoring of participants
148
Operant conditioning
Learning process in which the likelihood of a particular behaviour occuring is determined by the consequences of that behaviour
149
Operationalisation
the process of defining variables in terms of how they will be either manipulated or measured in the experiment
150
Order effects
a source of error in within subjects designs due to the order the participants participate in the experimental and control conditions
151
Parasympathetic nervous system
a branch of the ANS responsible for returning and maintaining the body's visceral organs, muscles and glands at optimal and balanced functioning. Dominant during the freeze stage of F-F-F
152
Partial sleep deprivation
when an individual sleeps for some duration within a 24 hour period, but the sleep duration is too short, or the quality of sleep is poor
153
Individual differences/ participant-related variables
individual participant differences that can effect results
154
Perceptual distortions
atypical variation in the way an individual interprets stimuli
155
Cognitive distortions
atypical variation in the way an individual processes stimuli
156
Peripheral nervous system
all nerves outside the CNS, responsible for transmitting information to and from the CNS
157
Perpetuating risk factor
factors that inhibit a person’s ability to recover from a specific phobia. (operant conditioning)
158
Placebo
An inactive substance or treatment, such as a sugar pill.
159
Placebo effect
changes to an individuals mental or physical state as a result of a false belief in the effects of a placebo substance or procedure
160
Positive punishment
when a negative stimulus is added in order to discourage a behaviour from occurring again
161
Positive reinforcement
when a positive stimulus is added in order to encourage a behaviour to occur again
162
Postsynaptic neuron
the neuron that receives a message from the synapse
163
Precipitating risk factor
factors that increase the susceptibility to and contribute to
the occurrence of developing a specific phobia.(classical conditioning)
164
Presynaptic neuron
the neuron that releases a message into the synapse
165
Primary appraisal
the initial process of evaluating the nature of an incoming stressor, specifically the kind of stress it will cause
166
Primary data collection
a method of data collection involving data being collected directly by the experimenter
167
Procedural memory
the implicit memory of motor skills and actions that have been learned previously
168
Protective factor
a factor that prevents the occurrence or re-occurrence of mental health disorders
169
Psychoeducation (social)
Aids families and supporters of individuals with specific phobia in understanding, dealing with, and treating the phobia
170
Psychological construct
an agreed upon description and understanding of psychological phenomena which cannot be overtly measured or observed e.g. sleep/consciousness
171
What do psychological protective factors do?
promote resilience by supporting a person's mental and cognitive functioning
172
What do psychological risk factors do?
factors relating to cognitive and affective functioning that increase the risk of developing a mental health disorder
173
Qualitative data
data that describes the characteristics of something; data of concepts that can be measured non- numerically
174
Quantitative data
data concerning numerical amounts; expressed numerically
175
Questionnaire/surveys
a list of questions that participants can respond to in a variety of formats
176
Random sampling
when every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample
177
Random allocation
when every member of the sample has an equal chance of being assigned to each condition in an experiment
178
Receptor sites
protein molecules located on the dendrites of a postsynaptic neuron, responsible for receiving neurotransmitters
179
Reinforcement
a type of consequence that makes the behaviour more likely to occur again
180
REM (Rapid eye movement) sleep
a type of sleep characterised by a quick darting of the eyes behind closed eyelids and an increase in physiological activity. Time spent in rem increases as episodes progresses
181
Within subjects design
an experimental design in which the same participants are in every condition of the experiment
182
Reproduction
the third stage of observational learning. The learner must have the physical and mental capabilities to reproduce the observed behaviour
183
Resilience
refers to the ability to cope with
and manage change and uncertainty
184
Resistance
the second stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome which involves the body sustaining high levels of arousal to a persistent stressor
185
Restoration theory of sleep
a theory that proposes that sleep replenishes psychological and physiological function
186
Retention stage
the second stage of observational learning. The learner must create a mental representation and remember (retain) the behaviour the model has demonstrated
187
Retrieval
accessing information which has previously been stored in the brain
188
Rumination
repeatedly focusing on negative psychological thoughts and experiences
189
Secondary appraisal
the process of evaluating the resources available and required in order to cope with a stressor
190
Self-efficacy
a person's confidence in their ability to complete tasks and meet goals
191
Self-report
a participant's subjective account of an experience; this type of investigation can be conducted through the use of a questionnaire, interview or rating scale
192
Semantic memory
the explicit memory of facts and knowledge about the world
193
Sensory memory
store of memory which very briefly stores raw information detected by the senses such as sight, hearing and touch
194
Sensory neurons
neurons that transmit information (sensory neural messages) about the body's sensations from the PNS to the CNS
195
Sensory receptor
a nerve ending that detects sensations in the environment and body
196
Shift work
an occupation which involves working at unusual hours, such as working overnight
197
Short-term memory
store of memory which holds information that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated
198
Single-blind procedure
a procedure in which participants are unaware of which condition they have been allocated to, in order to reduce participant expectations
199
Skeletal muscles
muscles connected to the skeleton that are involved in conscious, voluntary movement
200
Sleep
A naturally occurring and reversible altered state of consciousness, characterised by a reduction in awareness and responsiveness to external surroundings
201
sleep cycle
a proportion of a sleep episode in which the sleeper progresses through stages of REM and NREM sleep, lasting on average 90 minutes for humans
202
Sleep deprivation
Is to be denied of getting the necessary amount or quality of sleep
203
Sleep diaries
A subjective, self-report tool used by a person to track their own sleep/wake patterns
204
Sleep disorder
a consistent presence of a particular sleep disturbance which has profound impacts on an individual's sleep, leading to persistent effects on day to day functioning
205
Sleep episode
the full duration of time spent asleep
206
Sleep onset
Difficulty initiating sleep
207
Sleep-wake cycle
A type of circadian rhythm, time spent awake and asleep. Determined by internal body clock in hypothalamus, regulate our level of body temp and hormone secretions
208
Biological rhythms
Repeated biological processes that are regulated by internal mechanisms, circadian and ultradian.
209
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
A part of the hypothalamus, which functions as the master body clock.
210
Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS)
AKA sleep-wake phase disorder, relates to our internal circadian rhythm being delayed two hours or more from normal sleep pattern despite external cues (e.g. night falling). This will cause sleep later and wake later
211
Advanced sleep phase disorder (ASPD)
Relates to our internal circadian rhythm signaling sleepiness earlier than a conventional sleep pattern, causing to sleep earlier and wake earlier
212
what do social protective factors do?
increase resilience by providing social support
213
what are social risk factors
factors relating to an individual's interaction with their external environment and other people that increase the risk of developing a mental health disorder
214
Social wellbeing
the ability for an individual to form bonds with others and maintain positive relationships
215
Somatic nervous system
the branch of the PNS responsible for sending motor information from the CNS to the body's skeletal muscle, and bringing sensory information from the body to the CNS in order to formulate voluntary responses
216
Specific environmental triggers
stimuli or experiences in a person's environment that prompt an extreme stress response
217
Specific phobia
A persistent, irrational and intense fear of a particular object or event. (occurring even when not in the presence) (maladaptive)
218
Spinal cord
a long cable of nerve tissue (neurons) connecting the brain to the peripheral nervous system, responsible for sending motor information from the brain, and sensory information from the body
219
Spinal reflex
Automatic, unconscious response that is initiated by neurons in the spinal cord, without involvement of the brain
220
Stigma around seeking treatment
the sense of shame a person might feel about getting professional help
221
Stimulant
a class of drugs that increase central nervous system and body activity, increasing levels of alertness compared to NWC
222
Stress
A state of psychological and physiological tension, resulting from factors that threaten our ability to cope (can't cope with the stressor)
223
Stressor
a stimulus (internal or external) that prompts the stress response
224
Sympathetic nervous system
a branch of the ANS responsible for activating the body's visceral organs, muscles, and glands for increased activity or when under threat
225
Synapse
the area in which neuronal transmission occurs between two neurons, including the sending end of the presynaptic neuron, the gap between two neurons, and receiving end of the postsynaptic neuron
226
Synaptic gap
the space in between two neurons into which a message is sent
227
Synaptic buttons/terminal buttons
the end of the presynaptic neuron's axon terminals that release neurotransmitters
228
Synaptic plasticity
a type of neural plasticity that refers to the ability of synaptic connections to form, weaken or strengthen in response to activity and experience
229
Systematic desensitisation (psychological)
When patient experiencing a specific phobia is gradually exposed to phobic stimuli while using relaxing techniques to calm their response
230
Theta waves
medium sized brain waves with low-medium frequency and medium-high amplitude, indicating low levels of alertnes
231
Full sleep deprivation
when an individual has no sleep within a 24 hour period
232
Ultradian rhythm
are biological and behavioural changes that occur in a cycle that lasts less than 24 hours. (sleep cycles of REM/NREM)
233
Unconditioned response (UCR)
a natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus
234
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response
235
Validity
the extent to which the investigation measures what it intends to measure
236
Video monitoring
a type of data collection involving video and sound recordings of an individual in their sleeping period
237
Voluntary participation
the right of the participant to freely choose to willingly participate
238
Voluntary response
an action coordinated by the body that is performed with conscious control and intention
239
Wellbeing
a state in which an individual is mentally, physically, and socially healthy and secure
240
Withdrawal rights
the right of the participant to leave the study at any point, without fear of consequence
241
Anecdote
stories based on personal experience
242
Empirical
information obtained through direct and systematic observation or experimentation
243
Opinion
the view or perspective of someone not necessarily based on evidence
244
Correlation studies
look at the relationship between two variables
245
Controlled experiment
An investigation where a causal relationship between two variables is tested in a controlled environment.
246
Literature reviews
Use secondary data to answer a question or provides research for comparison before conducting primary data investigations
247
Modelling/stimulations
small/large scale presentation of an object to enable replication, explanation or investigation
248
Product, process or system development
Design and development of something to meet a human need, which may involve technological application (neurons to power artificial limbs)
249
Classification and identification
means to organize things by putting them into or constructing sets (finding new neurons e.g.)
250
Stratified sampling
Breaks population into subgroups (strata) and selects participants from each group in the same proportion they appeared in the population, more representative of population but time consuming
251
Non-random allocation
methods of allocating study participants to treatment comparison groups that are not random, but are intended to produce similar groups
252
Mixed method design
A procedure for collecting and analyzing a quantitative and qualitative research in a single study
253
Non-scientific idea
an idea that is formed without evidence and doesn't use the methods or principles of science
254
Subjective data
relies on assumptions or personal experiences e.g. Mood (Gives us insight into things that make us human, however people can lie or have different levels of happiness)
255
Objective data
can be directly observed or measured, e.g. Speed, score (Can see/measure, can compare, but cannot measure why? Or look at extraneous)
256
Descriptive statistics
Mathematical calculations that describe, organise and summarise
257
Standard deviation
Measures the spread of scores around the mean. The higher the standard deviation, the greater the range of values within the sample
258
True value
A value or a range of values, that would be found if the quantity could be measured perfectly e.g. A new watch could be tested against the true value of time - using 'Coordinated Universal Time'
259
Precision
How close a set of measurement values are to each other. How consistent the value is within a set of values that were measured under the same conditions. E.g. If a fridge gives temperature readings over a week within .1 degrees, the results can be considered precise.
260
Personal error
miscalculations, observer bias, mistakes
261
Measurement error
difference between measured and true value - systematic and random
262
Systematic error
errors in data that differ from the true value by a consistent amount
263
Random error
errors in data that are unsystematic and occur due to chance
264
Inferential statistics
Mathematical calculations that are used to make inferences, judgements, and conclusions from data.
265
Uncertainty
Represents lack of knowledge or confidence of the data being measured. This may be the result of missing or incomplete data, contradictory data that creates additional questions, an influential extraneous variable or a sources of bias
266
Statistical significance
Data collection through (qual/quan/sub/obj) > Descriptive statistics > Inferential statistics > Conclusion
267
Outliers
Values that lie a long way from other results
268
Repeatability
How close the successive measurements are when carried out under the same conditions, if completed with the same method, instruments, location etc. It can be verified and confirmed as true findings
269
Reproducibility
How close the measurements are when carried out under different conditions, reproduced by a different researcher using a different method of measurement, location, time etc. It can be verified and confirmed as true findings
270
Ethical concepts
principles that govern ethical practice
271
Beneficence
refers to the commitment to maximising benefits and minimising the risks and harms
272
Ethical guidelines
together make up a code that is adopted for ethical practice
273
Non-maleficence
no harm is done to the participants
274
afferent pathways
carry sensory neural messages
275
efferent pathways
carry motor neural messages
276
Conscious responses
Are deliberate and voluntary actions that are intentionally initiated by the brain and performed by the body
277
Unconscious response
automatic, involuntary actions that are performed by the body independently of the brain. They occur without conscious awareness in response to internal and external sensory stimuli.
278
Integrity
honestly reports information
279
Justice
distribute fair access of benefits to everyone
280
Respect
belief that everyone shares values, has rights to make own decisions
281
Neural communication (Neurotransmission)
1. A neural impulse (electric energy) runs from the dendrite down the axon to the axon terminals
2. The terminal buttons (synaptic knobs) then release a chemical substance (chemical energy)
3. This chemical substance known as a neurotransmitter, crosses the a (space from one neuron to the next)
4. The neurotransmitter is then picked up by receiving neuron via the dendrites
282
Soma
The body of the neuron, containing the nucleus with the genetic material for the neuron
283
Vesicles
where neurotransmitters are stored
284
Neurotransmitters
Chemical substance released by the terminal button of a neuron that are necessary for neural communication.
285
Excitatory neurotransmitters
Increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential (Glutamate)
286
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
Decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential. (GABA)
287
Neuromodulators
Chemical molecules that have an effect on multiple postsynaptic
neurons, released into multiple neural synapses, have widespread modulatory effects as they can influence large areas of brain tissue,
produces relatively long-lasting effects, as they modulate neural activity more slowly than neurotransmitters
288
3 roles of serotonin
Mood, sleep, Aggression/impulsivity
289
3 key processes of neural synapse
Sprouting, rerouting, pruning
290
Sprouting
growth of dendritic spines (bushier dendrites), growth of filigree appendages (axon sprouts, synaptogenesis (formation of additional synapses)
291
Neural processes
Proliferation, Migration, Circuit formation, Circuit pruning, Myelination
292
Pruning
the elimination of synaptic connections that are not adequately activated
293
Rerouting
establishment of alternative synpatic pathways to avoid damaged neurons
294
3 roles of dopamine
Thirst and drinking, Hunger and eating, addiction
295
Serotonin
Neuromodulator best known as our mood stabilizer (inhibitory effects). It plays an important role in wellbeing and happiness. Also plays a role in digestion/metabolism, as well as stress. Irregular serotonin levels have also been linked to mental health problems such as depression
296
Proliferation
foetal neurons divide and multiply
297
Migration
once formed, neurons move to final location in CNS and this will determine what their function will become
298
Circuit formation
the axons of the new neurons move outwards with cells and circuits are completed
299
Myelination
throughout childhood and into young adulthood 23 yrs, myelin sheathing grows around the axon of neurons, insulating them and making neural transmissions more efficient.
300
Acute stress
happens for a period of time, a short period of time, such as a sac
301
Chronic stress
happens for a long period of time, poverty, divorce etc
302
Shock
Temporary shock (acute stress), ability to deal with stressor falls below normal
303
Counter shock
Sympathetic nervous system is activated, stress hormones released into bloodstream, supplies muscles with more energy
304
Explanatory power of the GAS model
Measures a predictable pattern of behaviours that can be easily tested, There is evidence to suggest that stress response will occur in response to any type of stressor, body only has a limited amount of resources in coping with prolonged stress
305
Strengths of GAS
* Evidence of relationship between stress and illness
* Highlights a predictable pattern that can measured in individuals
306
Limitations of GAS
* Research not conducted on humans
* Does not account for individual differences and psychological factors
307
Transactional Model of Stress and Coping (TMSC)
states that stress involves an encounter (transaction) between an individual and their external environment. A stress response depends on individuals interpretation (appraisal) of the stressor, and their ability to cope
308
Stages of TSMC
Primary appraisal:
Benign positive, Stressful, irrelevant
Harm/loss, threat, challenge
Secondary appraisal:
Assessment of available resources for coping
Not enough resources available = stress
Coping resources adequate = reduced/eliminated stress, reappraisal
309
Primary appraisal
an individual's assessment of the situation
310
Secondary appraisal
an individual's assessment of the available resources to deal with demands
311
Reappraisal
an important step in this mode, as the consideration of one's resources can change their perception of a situation
312
Strengths of TMSC
* Accounts for individual differences in response to similar situations
* Responds to changes in individual's response through reappraisal stage, explains why differences can occur within individual's response to situations
313
Similarities of GAS and TMSC
* Over a course of time
* Psychobiological
* Stress and research
314
Differences of GAS and TMSC
* GAS physiological, TMSC psychological
* GAS = stress is same for everyone, TMSC = stress subjective
* GAS model based off rats, TMSC model based off humans
315
Gut-brain axis
The bidirectional connection between the gut and the brain through the enteric and central nervous systems.
316
Functions of the gut-brain axis
* Enables bidirectional feedback between brain and gastrointestinal tract (gut)
* 10-20% of nerve fibers convey info from brain to gut, 80-90% from gut to brain
* 95% serotonin is stored in the gut
* The gut is the only organ that can function without the brain
317
Enteric nervous system (ENS) definition
The enteric nervous system refers to the network of nerves in the gut and is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system.
318
Functions of the Enteric nervous system
* Subdivision of the Autonomic nervous system
* Hidden in in the walls of the digestive system and similar in structure and function to the brain (mini brain)
* 200-600 million sensory, motor and interneurons line the gastrointestinal tract, from the oesophagus to the rectum
* Controls rhythmic contractions of digestive tract, regulates gastric acid secretion, changes in local blood flow, release of gut hormones and interacts with immune system
319
Communication between the ENS and CNS happens through what?
Communication between CNS and ENS happens via the vagus nerve and gut microbiota
320
Vagus nerve
* One of the largest nerves in body
* Plays role in controlling mood, immune response and heart rate
* Main connection between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract (bidirectional)
321
Gut microbiota
refers to all of the microorganisms that live in the gut
322
Functions of Gut microbiota
* Our gut contains more than 1000 microbe species or gut microbiota
* Digest food, providing us and them with nutrients
* Produce neurotransmitters
* Some are involved in regulating production, storage and release of neurotransmitters by neurons in ENS
* Stress -> change in gut microbiota -> deficiencies in certain bacteria -> depression/anxiety
323
Learning
Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience;
* Ongoing process, continues throughout lifespan, enabling coping and adapting
* Can occur intentionally (taking tennis lessons) or unintentionally (watching tennis lessons)
324
Social cognitive approach
Learning that occurs by watching another person's (model's) actions and their consequences to guide future behaviour. (model can be live or symbolic), more likely imitated if attractive, capable, high status, trustworthy
325
Learning within the Aboriginal system
* Learner is part of a multimodal system of knowledge patterned on Country
* Learning is embedded in relationships
* Learning is not segmented but rather, a holistic process
326
Learning within Systems of knowledge (Aboriginal) (SOK)
* Systems of knowledge are developed by communities working together and sharing traditional expertise and knowledge
* Systems of knowledge means that knowledge and skills are based on interconnected social, physical and spiritual understandings, and in turn, inform survival and contribute to a strong sense of identity
327
8 ways of learning framework (Aboriginal)
Story-sharing, Learning maps, Non-verbal, Symbols and images, Non-linear, Land links, Community links, Deconstruct/reconstruct
328
Story-sharing
learning though narrative, listening and sharing stories of past, present, future
329
Learning maps
creating images or visuals to map pathways or processes
330
Non verbal
sharing knowledge through non-verbal means, including dance, art and observation
331
Symbols and images
learning through images, symbols and metaphors
332
Non-linear
thinking outside the square and talking knowledge from different viewpoints in order to build new understandings
333
Land links
learning and knowledge inherently linked to nature, land and Country
334
Community links
connecting learning to local values, needs and knowledge. Learning doesn't occur in a vacuum, but shared with others and used to meet community needs
335
Deconstruct/reconstruct
breaking down a concept from whole to parts, then applying it. Knowledge/skills demonstrated, then learner is guided through each part in turn. Learners engage by watching and then doing
336
Significance of country to learning
country refers to the traditional lands of a particular language or cultural group, including geographical boundaries as well as the spiritual, emotional and intellectual entities and connections within it, Country as a concept is not just land, but everything that is connected to it
337
Chunking
The grouping, or 'packing' of separate bits of information into a larger single unit, or 'chunk of information', e.g. mobile number has 10 numbers, to chunk it, it separates it into 0402, 945, 602, grouping it for better memory.
338
Decay
When information is not renewed (not being used- through repetition)
* E.g. When you forget what you want to say in class while you wait for another person to finish what they are saying, listening to what the other person is saying prevents you from repeating the information and maintaining your point in STM
339
Displacement
Short-term memory where the capacity to retain info is restricted up to seven items at a 7
340
Autobiographical events
refer to personally lived experiences
341
Possibly imagined futures
refer to hypothetical experiences that an individual has the ability to create in their mind. Damage to the hippocampus in particular leads to diffucult in remembering past events.
342
Brain atrophy
the loss of neurons (brain tissue) within the brain
Hippocampus is the first structure affected by atrophy
* This means that new explicit memories cannot be encoded and consolidated resulting in ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA
* E.g. a person in early to middle stages of Alzheimer's typically can't learn new things and forget where they have placed an object
343
How is the cerebral cortex affected by brain atrophy?
When cerebral cortex is affected, there is a loss of stored explicit (episodic, semantic and autobiographical ) long term memories, (retrograde amnesia as well)
344
How is Alzheimer's diagnosed?
* Amyloid plaques can cause brain lesions, which can be identified through brain imaging
* However Alzheimer's is best confirmed through post-mortem examination
345
Alzheimer's symptoms
* Memory loss, especially declarative
* Personality change
* Confusion and disorientation
* Repetition
346
Early stage of Alzheimer's
Early stage: 2-4 years
* Forget recently read material
* Forget where valuables placed
347
Middle stage of Alzheimer's
Middle stage: 2-10 years
* Delusions, compulsions or repetitive behavior
* Agitation/anxiety
* Lose track of surroundings
348
Late stage of Alzheimer's
Late stage: 1-3 years
* Significant personality/behavior changes
* Difficulty moving. Eating
* Loss of bladder/bowel control
349
Aphantasia
A phenomenon in which individuals lack the capacity to generate mental imagery
350
Aphantasia aspects
* Initiated by visual cortex, not our eyes
* Reduced ability to recall episodic memories (visual components of semantic may be lacking)
* Struggle to retrieve autobiographical events and construct possible imagined features
351
Mnemonics
are systems, techniques, or strategies implemented to consciously improve memory.
352
Acronyms: WORD
a mnemonic device in which the first letter of each item to be recalled in placed together to create a word (BODMAS, brackets, order, division, multiplication, addition, subtraction)
353
Acrostics: SENTENCE
An acrostic is a mnemonic device in which the first letter of each item to be recalled becomes the first letter of new word, and these new words are then put together into a phrase, rhyme or poem (North east south west - Never eat soggy Weetbix)
354
Method of loci
A mnemonic technique known as a memory palace, You first start with a series of well known locations (such as your house), and 'attach' each word or concept to each location (the different rooms). Then you take a physical walk or mental walk to recall each of these items.
355
Oral cultures
Cultures in which stories and info are communicated by word of mouth
* Stories, poems or sung narratives e.g. the bible, Shakespeare
* Sung narratives
* Songlines
356
Sung narratives
Stories told through singing, music and sometimes dance
357
Songlines
Sung narratives of the landscape that weave across Country and enable every significant place in Aboriginal Dreaming to be known.
358
NREM 1
Transitional phase between wakefulness and sleep, light sleep, body systems slow down, hypnic jerk, lose awareness
359
NREM 2
Also light sleep, wake relatively easy, most time slept is in this stage, considered truly asleep
360
NREM 3
Deep sleep, body response slowest, brain activity lowest, if woken would feel drowsy, sleepwalking/talk
361
Physiological indicators of consciousness (objective)
* Heart rate
* Body temp
* Galvanic skin response
* Eye movement
* Muscle movement
* Brainwaves
362
Psychological indicators of consciousness (subjective)
* Content limitations
* Perceptual and cognitive distortions
* Emotional awareness
* Self control
* Time orientation
363
Suprachiasmatic function
The SCN relies on external cues (zietgebers), such as exercise, social activity, eating patterns, temperature etc
* The SCN is sensitive to light (therefore circadian day and night)
* No light detected at night so SCN > pineal gland > melatonin
364
Melatonin
A hormone that is secreted during low levels of light. Helps to sync internal events to external cues
365
How is melatonin released
1. Light is detected by the eye
2. This stimulates the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS (SCN)
3. The SCN sends excitatory messages to the pineal gland in the hypothalamus to release melatonin
366
Newborn period sleep (1-15 days)
Approx. 16 hours of sleep, 50% REM / 50% NREM, need REM for rapid brain development
367
Infant period sleep (3 months - 2 years)
Approx. 13.5 hours of sleep, 35% REM / 65% NREM, daytime napping
368
Childhood sleep ( 2-14 yrs)
Approx. 11 hours of sleep, 20% REM / 80% NREM, REM decreases as brain development steadies
369
Adolescence sleep (14-18 yrs)
Approx. 9 hours of sleep, 20% REM / 80% NREM, Delayed sleep disorder
370
Adulthood sleep (18-75 yrs)
Approx. 7-8 hours of sleep, 20% REM / 80% NREM, decreased in deep NREM stages (2&3)
371
Old age sleep (75 yrs+)
Approx. 6 hours of sleep, 20% REM / 80% NREM, tend to have ASPD, frequent awakenings
372
Effects of full sleep deprivation
* Brain irritability, cognitive impairment, hallucinations, severe yawning
* Impaired immune system
* Risk of diabetes type 2
* Increased heart rate / risk of heart disease
* Tremors/aches
373
Physiological effects of sleep deprivation
* Fatigue
* Trembling hands
* Dropping eyelids
* Slurred speech
* Lack of energy
374
Psychological effects of sleep deprivation
* Affective - mood change, depression, lack of motivation, anxiety
* Behavioral - slower reaction time, clumsiness, risk taking behaviour
* Cognitive - lack of concentration, impaired memory, trouble with simple tasks, poor decision making
375
Effects of FULL sleep deprivation
* More severe now, could lead to death
* Deprivation psychosis
* Hallucinations
* Long term health effects: Diabetes type 2, hypertension, obesity
376
Microsleeps
Short sharp bursts of sleep (3-15 seconds) where the individual appears to be awake and may be unaware, they have slept at all. EEG patterns resemble those experienced in NREM stage 1 or 2 sleep
377
REM rebound
When our bodies need to catch up on REM sleep, so our typical proportion of REM to NREM may shift, dream intensity during REM increases
378
Seasonal affective disorder
A type of depression (very low mood) that occurs as a result of change in the seasons:
* Prevalent for people who live in countries that have short days
* Low exposure to natural light, impacting their sleep-wake cycle
379
Zeitgeber's
External cues that help synchronize our internal body clock with the natural environment
* Strongest Zeitgebers are light, temperature, eating/drinking, exercise, socialisation
380
Daylight and blue light
Daylight: natural light we are exposed to during the day (primary zeitgeber)
Blue light: type of light that can be natural (within daylight) or artificial (through screens)
381
Temperature
Body temperature is controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus. An increase in blood flow to skin results in warm skin, so heat is lost from the body and body temp drops
382
Temperature of sleep and room
Body cools while we sleep; research suggests that sleeping in a cooler room (not cold) assists the body in getting to its ideal temp for optimal sleep
383
Eating and drinking
Our eating and drinking help to sync our daily energy requirements
* Long-term severe food deprivation, calorie restriction/ perceived starvation affects it heavily
* Other peripheral body clocks (not the SCN) exist in almost all body tissues resetting signals from the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Eating meals 3-4 hours before sleep can negatively affect sleep quality, meals should be eaten during the day or early evening to keep the SCN and other peripheral body clocks synchronised.
384
Sleep hygiene
Refers to the healthy habits and behaviours that can be engaged in to improve the onset and quality of sleep
385
Examples of good sleep hygiene
* Light cues: reduce levels of light 2 HOURS before bed, do not look at blue screens, sleep in dark room
* Food and drink: do not eat too late, avoid caffeine / sugar
* Rituals: develop a ritual that signals bedtime, either shower, skin routine, book reading
* Patterns: sleep/wake at similar times
* Comfort: create both physically/mentally comfy place
386
SEWB framework
(social and emotional wellbeing), is a framework that includes all elements of being, and therefore wellbeing, for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
* Collectivist perspective/integral (linked to fam/community)
* Multidimensional (different components)
* Holistic approach (whole person)
387
7 domains of SEWB
* Body
* Mind and emotions
* Family and kinship
* Community
* Culture
* Country
* Spirituality and ancestors
388
Mental health and SEWB determinants
* Social: socio-economic status, poverty, unemployment, racial discrimination
* Historical: impact of past government, historical oppression
* Political: issues of land, resource control, cultural security
389
Stigma
When someone views you in a negative way because you have a distinguishing characteristic that's thought to be a disadvantage (a negative stereotype)
390
Internal factors
Factors that arise from within the individual
391
External factors
Factors that arise from an individual's environment
392
Biological factors for mental wellbeing
* Genetic predisposition
* Sex
* Hormone
* Immune functionPsy
393
Psychological factors for mental wellbeing
* Thought pattern
* Stress response
* Emotions
* Learning/memory
394
Social factors for mental wellbeing
* Relationships
* Access to support
* Levels of education
* Income
* Discriminations
* Cultural beliefs
395
Stress/anxiety biological factors
* Genetic predisposition
* Poor sleep
* Lack of exercise
* Bad genetic response to medication
* Substance abuse
396
Stress/anxiety psychological factors
* Personality traits; poor self-efficacy
* Rumination
* Impaired reasoning/coping skills
397
Stress/anxiety social factors
* Loss of significant relationship
* Lack of support from family/friends
* Poverty
398
Factors for stress/anxiety can:
* Can be adaptive and helpful
* May contribute to developing a mental disorder
* Typical people experience this
399
Adaptive response
In which through experiences, the mind learns (through anxiety) to survive in our environment. It can be a positive thing to help us be more careful and learn. But it can become maladaptive if kept persistent/disabling
400
Four categories of specific phobia
* Animals (snakes, dogs)
* Situations (heights, confined spaces, airplanes)
* Blood/injections (needles, procedures)
* Natural environments (water, storms)
401
Phobia psychological risk factors
* Developmental stage (phobia develop in childhood)
* Traumatic events
* Avoidance strategy (negative reinforcement - operant)
* Cognitive bias (memory bias, worst case scenario thinking)
402
Phobia social factors
* Parental modelling
* Specific environmental trigger
* Stigma related to receiving treatment (afraid of what others will think - especially the doctor themselves)
* Psychotherapy (family involvement, how they help you at home)
403
Phobia biological factors
* Neurotransmitter dysfunction (GABA)
* Gender (more females)
* Stress response
* Long-term potentiation (constant pairing of fear + object of fear)
404
Factors for phobia can:
* Is not helpful
* Is a mental disorder
* Not many people typically experience this
405
Biopsychosocial model (specific phobia)
Explores the interconnected way that biological, psychological and social factors influence human behaviour and development.
406
Social risk factors (specific phobia BPS model)
Specific environmental triggers, Stigma,
407
Biological factors (biopsychosocial model)
GABA dysfunction, LTP
408
Psychological factors (biopsychosocial model)
Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning, Cognitive bias
409
How classical conditioning relates to systematic desensitisation
* Phobic stimulus is neutral stimulus (NS), but is a conditioned stimulus
* In systematic desensitization, we pair the CS with a pleasant UCS (relaxation technique), to make a UCR
* Then conditioned stimulus will be no more
410
Process of systematic desensitisation
1. Patient learns relaxation technique
2. Patient establishes a fear hierarchy (least to most scary)
3. Patient is gradually exposed to stimuli on the hierarchy, from easiest and working up. This is paired with the newly learned relaxation technique
4. Continues until fear response disappears by the new association of the phobic stimulus with the feeling of relaxation
411
Two components of psychoeducation
* Challenging unrealistic or anxious thoughts of the individual
* Not encouraging avoidance behaviours
412
Biopsychosocial model (mental wellbeing)
A useful framework for considering the factors that contribute to the development of mental disorders and provide protection from mental disorders
413
Protective factors
decreasing chance of developing mental disorder
414
Risk factors
increasing chance of developing mental disorder
415
Biological protective factors for mental wellbeing
* Adequate nutritional intake and hydration (ensures sufficient nutrients)
* Adequate sleep (regulate emotions, clear decision making, control over behavioural change)
416
Psychological protective factors for mental wellbeing
* Mindfulness meditation (focusing awareness on the present moment and practicing non-judgmental acceptance of experiences, redirect our thoughts and calm our mind)
* Benefits of Mindfulness meditation: reduces rumination, reduces stress, boosts working memory, more cognitive flexibility
* Cognitive behaviour therapy/strategy
* Reframing (looking at a situation with a different perspective)
417
Cognitive behavioural strategies
Techniques that utilize traits of cognitive behavioural therapy to recognize and change dysfunctional thought and behavioural patterns
418
Social protective factors for mental wellbeing
* Supportive networks
* Family, friends, community
419
Biological risk factors for mental wellbeing
* Genetic vulnerability (genetic predisposition e.g. schizophrenia)
* Poor response to medication (medication may make symptoms worse due to genetic makeup)
* Poor sleep (lack of resources to cope with daily life, inability to restore neurotransmitters)
* Substance abuse (drugs/alcohol)
420
Psychological risk factors for mental wellbeing
* Rumination (constant dwelling on negative thoughts)
* Impaired memory and reasoning (own subjective thoughts mess with reality)
* Stress
* Self-efficacy (a person's confidence to complete life tasks/goals)
421
Social risk factors for mental wellbeing
* Disorganized insecure attachment (when infant is not given consistent care)
* Loss of significant relationship
* Stigma (feeling of shame about your differences)
422
Aboriginal culture
refers to a strong sense of identity, values, tradition, and connection between the past, present, and future that drives behaviour and beliefs
423
Holistic approach
an approach to wellbeing that considers the whole person, including their mental, physical, spiritual, and social needs
424
Cultural continuity
ability to preserve the historical traditions of a culture and carry them forward with that culture into the future
425
Self determination
the rights of all peoples to pursue freely their economic, social and cultural development without outside interference.
- Generally collaborated with community-controlled organisations and governments.
426
Difference between a hypothesis and predicting a possible outcome
Hypothesis is used when there is manipulation of variables, prediction of outcome is used when variables are not manipulated, such as correlational studies, case studies etc.
427
Generalisability
the extent to which findings from a sample may be applied to the broader population
428
Neural transmission binding process
The neurotransmitter/neuromodulator, the molecular shape on the neurochemical will temporarily bind to a specific receptor site that must be complementary to the shape of the neurochemical.
429
Explanatory power
the ability of a theory/model to explain subject matter effectively
430
Behaviourist approach to learning
involves an interaction between an individual and stimuli in the environment through conditioning
431
Storage
the retention
of information over time
432
Rehearsal
a controlled process which involves consciously repeating or manipulating information in short-term memory
433
Post-mortem examination
an assessment of a
dead body that occurs
to determine the cause
of death
434
Lesion
an area of tissue
that has been damaged
due to disease or injury
435
Mental imagery
the visual representations and experiences of sensory information without the presence of sensory stimuli
436
Mindfulness meditation
The practice of meditation in which an individual focuses on their present experience to promote feelings of calm and peace
437
Internal reinforcement
occurs when behaviour is reinforced through factors internal to the individual, such as a good feeling to oneself
438
External reinforcement
occurs when behaviour is reinforced by external factors, such as receiving an reward
439
Vicarious reinforcement
behaviour reinforced by observing the reinforcement of another person performing the same behaviour, enhancing motivation.
440
Neocortex
Top layer of cerebral cortex, involved in higher order brain functions, and is the most recently evolved part of the brain
441
Irrelevant (TMSC)
an initial appraisal of a stimulus as a non-issue for the individual
442
Threat (TMSC)
a further appraisal of a stressor as potentially causing damage to the individual in the future
443
Basal ganglia
Deep within the cerebral cortex involved in formation (or encoding) of implicit procedural memories and classically conditioned memories
444
Fieldwork
any research involving observation and interaction with people and
environments in real-world settings, conducted beyond the laboratory
445
Effects of shift work
Insomnia (difficulty sleeping/staying asleep), Fragmented sleep (waking multiple times), circadian rhythm phase disorder, sleep timing
