Psychology 470 Exam 3

Question 1

Abraham Maslow

Answer 1

Focused on humanity’s potential, not their problems

Question 2

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 2

Self-actualization
Esteem needs
Belongingness needs
Safety needs
Physiological needs

Question 3

Maslow: D Needs

Answer 3

Deficit needs (important lower level needs that take priority over other things)

Question 4

Maslow: B Needs

Answer 4

Secondary motivation to do extra things (above D Needs)

Question 5

Maslow: Metamotivation

Answer 5

“B motivation”, motivated to reach max potential

Question 6

Maslow: Metaneeds

Answer 6

States of growth/being that move towards actualization

Question 7

Maslow: Metapathology

Answer 7

Occurs when metaneeds are not met, stops full personality development

Question 8

Maslow: Jonah Complex

Answer 8

Fear that you will be unable to cope when you reach your full potential

Question 9

Maslow: Self-Determination Theory

Answer 9

Intrinsic motivation pushes us towards improvement

Question 10

Carl Rogers

Answer 10

Designed person-centered therapy and defined positive regard

Question 11

Rogers: Actualization Tendency

Answer 11

Basic human motivation to improve the self, which involves struggle

Question 12

Rogers: Organismic Valuing Process

Answer 12

Judging experiences as good/bad towards growth (and changing behavior based on that)

Question 13

Rogers: Positive Regard

Answer 13

A universal need for acceptance, love, and approval from others

Question 14

Rogers: Unconditional Positive Regard

Answer 14

Acceptance granted freely, regardless of behavior

Question 15

Rogers: Conditional Positive Regard

Answer 15

You are only loved and appreciated when your do certain things or avoid certain things

Question 16

Rogers: Positive Self-Regard

Answer 16

Conditions under which one grants oneself acceptance and approval

Question 17

Rogers: Conditions of Worth

Answer 17

Belief that a person is worthy of approval only when he/she abides to certain desirable behaviors and avoids other undesirable behaviors

Question 18

Rogers: Congruence vs Incongruence

Answer 18

The degree of overlap between self-worth, self-image, and ideal self

Question 19

Rogers: Fully Functioning Persons

Answer 19

Awareness & appreciation of all experiences
Open to all feelings
Trust in one’s behavior and feelings
Freedom of choice without inhibitions
Creativity and spontaneity
A continual need to grow

Question 20

George Kelly

Answer 20

Believed that people are scientists who construct ideas about the world in order to navigate it

Question 21

Kelly: Constructs

Answer 21

Intellectual hypothesis used to interpret life events (bipolar)

Question 22

Kelly: Constructive Alternativism

Answer 22

You can revise and replace constructs as needed

Question 23

Kelly: Fundamental Postulate

Answer 23

Processes and behavior are directed by how people anticipate events

Question 24

Kelly: Cognitive Complexity vs Simplicity

Answer 24

Ability to perceive differences among people

Question 25

B.F. Skinner

Answer 25

Believed that behavior can be altered with reinforcement and punishment

Question 26

Skinner: Respondent Behavior

Answer 26

Responses or reactions made to environmental stimuli

Question 27

Skinner: Operant Behavior

Answer 27

Behaviors emitted that change the external environment

Question 28

Skinner: Conditioning

Answer 28

Substituting one stimulus for another

Question 29

Skinner: Reinforcement

Answer 29

Strengthening a response by adding rewards

Question 30

Skinner: Punishment

Answer 30

Introducing an aversive stimulus to discourage a certain behavior

Question 31

Skinner: Extinction

Answer 31

Eliminating a behavior by withholding reinforcement or removing its rewards

Question 32

Skinner: Behavior Modification

Answer 32

Therapy where you change behavior through reinforcement

Question 33

Skinner: Fixed Interval

Answer 33

Reinforcer is provided after a fixed amount of time Medium response, medium extinction

Question 34

Skinner: Fixed Ratio

Answer 34

Reinforcer is provided after a fixed number of repetitions Fast response, medium extinction

Question 35

Skinner: Variable Interval

Answer 35

Reinforcer is provided after an unpredictable amount of time Medium response, slow extinction

Question 36

Skinner: Variable Ratio

Answer 36

GAMBLING Reinforcer is provided after an unpredictable number of repetitions Fast response, slow extinction

Question 37

Skinner: Self-Control

Answer 37

Having self-control of behavior is associated with better life outcomes

Question 38

What are the characteristics of self-actualizers?

Answer 38

Social interest, deep relationships Efficient, accepting of life, appreciative Looking for privacy, creative Focused on external problems Resistance to social pressure

Question 39

What happens if you do not reach self-actualization?

Answer 39

Continue to struggle with lower level needs, unable to reach your full potential, may have metapathology

Question 40

According to Rogers, how does one develop the self?

Answer 40

One develops the self by recognizing the value of all experiences, and by following one’s actualization tendency to continue striving for improvement.

Question 41

Can you compare and contrast unconditional positive regard and conditional positive regard?

Answer 41

Unconditional positive regard means that you will be loved and appreciated the same regardless of how you behave in a given moment. In contrast, conditional positive regard is when parents or other people only show approval for someone when they do certain things.

Question 42

Do you know the strengths and limits of each theory?

Answer 42

Some theories are very narrow, others not very scientific, others ignore common aspects of humanity such as personality.

Question 43

What is constructive alternativism and how does it relate to Kelly’s theory?

Answer 43

It means that the structures and ideas people create to understand the world can be changed over time based on new experiences. It means that people can mentally adapt to new situations.

Question 44

According to Skinner, what is the basis of behavior?

Answer 44

Behavior is based on rewards only. If you aren’t rewarded for a behavior in some way, you’ll stop doing it. If a behavior introduces negative consequences, you are less likely to do it.

Question 45

Why did Skinner use the operant chamber?

Answer 45

He used the operant chamber to isolate his subjects and ensure that they weren’t distracted by other things while he studied them.

Question 46

What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?

Answer 46

Negative reinforcement is still reinforcement which encourages a behavior, while punishment is designed to discourage a behavior. Negative reinforcement removes something unpleasant, thereby still encouraging the behavior. Punishment is introducing something disliked in attempt to discourage a behavior.