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MCAT > Psychology and Sociology > Flashcards

Psychology and Sociology Flashcards

1
Q

sympathetic nervous system response

A
  • increased heart rate
  • blood to muscles for movement
  • increased blood glucose concentration
  • relax bronchi
  • decreased digestion and peristalsis
  • eyes dilate
  • release epinephrine into blood stream
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2
Q

CT scan

A

X-rays like

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3
Q

PET scan

A

radioactive sugar to label

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4
Q

MRI

A

hydrogen atoms –> magnetic field

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5
Q

fMRI

A

blood flow, neuronal activation

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6
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory
stabilize neural activity
causes HYPERPOLARIZATION of post synaptic membrane

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7
Q

glycine (brain)

A

inhibitory
increase chloride ion influx
HYPERPOLARIZATION

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8
Q

glutamate (brain)

A

EXCITATORY

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9
Q

seratonin

A

mood, eating, sleeping, dreaming

increased –> mania
decreased –> depression

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10
Q

acetylcholine

A

transmit nerve impulses

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11
Q

epinephrine

A

(adrenaline)
act as a hormone
fight or flight

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12
Q

norepinephrine

A

more local repsonse

decreased leads to depression
increased leads to anxiety and mania

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13
Q

dopamine

A

movement and posture (basal ganglia)
increased –> schizophrenia (tall dopey skiing)
decreased –> Parkinson’s (short dopey parking car)

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14
Q

classical conditioning

A

biology instinctual responses to create association between 2 unrelated stimuli

UCS –> UCR
|
|
CS –> CR

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15
Q

extinction

A

present conditioned stimulus without the UCS

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16
Q

operant conditioning

A

punishment and reinforcement

behaviorism

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17
Q

ranking of reinforcement schedule

best to worst

A
  1. variable ratio
  2. fixed ratio
  3. variable interval
  4. fixed interval
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18
Q

fixed-ratio

A

reinforce after specific number of performance of behavior

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19
Q

variable ratio

A

reinforce after varying number of performances of behavior

VR = variable ratio
VR = very rapid, very resistant to extinciton
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20
Q

fixed-interval

A

WORST

reinforce 1st instance of behavior after specific time period has elapsed

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21
Q

variable-interval

A

reinforce behavior the first time it is performed after a varying interval of time

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22
Q

human memory (4)

A

sensory
short term
working
long term

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23
Q

long term memory

A 
explicit and implicit
|                          |
declarative       procedural
|
episodic or semantic
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24
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

how we use symbols to interact with each other
*hand gestures, traffic signs
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS

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25
Q

social constructionism

A

how we as a society construct concepts and principles

ex: money, gender roles, justice

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26
Q

rational choice theory

A

make choices to further self-interests

micro to meso

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27
Q

conflict theory

A

macro
inevitable conflicts between groups in society
*competition over resources

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28
Q

structural functionalism (functionalist theory)

A

how large societies survive over time –> social cohesion and stability
phenomena in terms of their function for society

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29
Q

manifest function

A

intended consequence of actions of group within society (benefit)

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30
Q

latent function

A

unintended but beneficial consequences

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31
Q

dysfunction

A

negative consequences

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32
Q

age dependency ratio

A

over 60 / # 15-65

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33
Q

fertility rates

A

children per woman per lifetime

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34
Q

birth rate

A

children per 1000 people per year

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35
Q

mortality rate

A

deaths per 1000 people per year

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36
Q

migration rate

A

immigration - emigration

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37
Q

demographic transition

A

demographic shift
the country develops from preindustrial to industrial economic system

decrease birth rate and death rates
increased total population

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38
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

causes distress when behaviors don’t align with beliefs
*more likely to change beliefs than change behavior
if new info contradicts behavior, more likely to reject new info than change behavior

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39
Q

4 tenets of medical ethics

A
  1. beneficience (patient’s best interest)
  2. nonmaleficence (do no harm)
  3. respect for patient autonomy (respect decisions)
  4. justice (treat patients with similar care)
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40
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

sensory and physiological response to stimuli –> simultaneous and separate

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41
Q

James Lange theory of emotion

A

sensory response –> physiological response –> emotion

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42
Q

how do stereotypes spread?

A

socialization

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43
Q

social cognitive theory

A

people learn through observation

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44
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

people overemphasize dispositional (internal) attributes to explain behavior and underestimate situational (external) attributes
*OTHERS BEHAVIORS

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45
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

damage causes jumbled speech

*cannot understand

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46
Q

Broca’s area

A

can understand but unable to speak

47
Q

representative heuristic

A

attribute characteristics of a group that an individual belongs to to said individual

48
Q

Parkinson’s is associated with

A

cell death in substantia nigra (important for dopamine production)

49
Q

Alzheimer’s is associate with …

A

depletion of choline acetyl transferase

*catalyzes synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) in cholinergic neurons

50
Q

impression management

A

attempt to control how others see us

51
Q

cognitive appraisal

A

subjection evaluation of situation that induces stress
primary: is there a threat?
lead to secondary if yes
secondary: emotional response to threat

52
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to focus on information that fits beliefs while rejecting information that goes against them

53
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

brain disorder caused by a deficiency in thiamine (due to alcohol use)

  • severe memory impairment
  • changes in mental status and motor control
54
Q

4 stages of demographic transition

A

1: preindustrial HIGH BIRTH AND DEATH RATES
2: economic progress DEATH RATES DECREASE
3: improvements: BIRTH RATES DECREASE
4: industrialized society LOW BIRTH AND DEATH RATES

55
Q

Hawk-Dove game

A

access to shared resources

hawk: fighter
dove: fight avoidance
* weigh magnitude of reward and cost of fighting

56
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

optimal arousal for a strong performance
- too much and impaired due to anxiety

*simple tasks require higher arousal than complex ones

57
Q

group polarization

A

tendency of groups to make decisions that are more extreme than individual ideas
*risker or more cautious ideas

58
Q

biological theory of language acquisition

A

innate capacity for language

- critical period for language acquisition

59
Q

behaviorist theory of language acquisition

A

operant conditioning, reinforcement

60
Q

social interactionist theory of language acquistion

A

child’s desire to communicate

61
Q

cluster A personality disorders

A

odd or eccentric behavior

paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid

62
Q

paranoid personality disorder

A

distrust of others

63
Q

schizoid personality disorder

A

detached, restricted emotional range

64
Q

schizotypal personality disorder

A

odd/eccentric thinking

65
Q

cluster B personality disorders

A

dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

66
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

disregard for others

67
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

instability in behavior, mood, self-image

68
Q

histrionic personality disorder

A

attention-seeking behavior

69
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A

grandiose sense of self

70
Q

cluster C personality disorders

A

anxious or fearful behavior

avoidant, dependent, OCPD

71
Q

avoidant personality disorder

A

shyness, fear of rejection

72
Q

dependent personality disorder

A

need for reassurance

73
Q

OCPD

A

perfectionist, rules, order

74
Q

retina

A

photoreceptors that transduce light into electrical information

75
Q

lens

A

control refraction of incoming light

76
Q

cornea

A

gathers and focuses incoming light

77
Q

iris

A

constricts pupil

78
Q

state dependency effect

A

when conditions (mental/emotional) when memory was encoded are replicated, it helps to retrieve memory

79
Q

dual-coding effect

A

easier to retrieve verbal items that have an image associated with them

80
Q

spreading activation theory

A

when the representation of a concept is activated in memory, it spreads to concepts related to it
*retrieve members of same category

81
Q

reticular activation system

A

part of central nervous system!

arousal (sleep/wake) and attention, alertness

82
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A
  1. sensorimotor (0-2 years)
  2. preoperational stage (2-7 years)
  3. concrete operational stage (7-11 years)
  4. formal operational stage (11 years on)
83
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

0-2 years
object permanence: objects continue to exist even when out of view
repetitive body movements (circular reactions)

84
Q

preoperational stage

A

2-7 years
symbolic thinking (imagination)
egocentrism (cannot imagine what others feel)
conservation: physical amount remains the same even if shape/appearance changes

85
Q

concrete operational stage

A

7-11 years
can understand conservation and consider perspectives of others
logical thinking (BUT NO ABSTRACT)

86
Q

formal operation stage

A

11 years on
think logically about abstract ideas
problem solve
hypothetical reasoning

87
Q

how are the gates of ion channels depolarized in hair cells of cochlea?

A

mechanically

vibration of hair cell causes tension in cell membrane that activates ion channels responsible for auditory signaling

88
Q

chemically gated channels

A

binding of molecule to ion channel

smelling, tasting

89
Q

electrically gated channels

A

change in membrane potential

action potentials

90
Q

actor-observer bias

A

tendency to attribute one’s OWN actions to situational factors (EXTERNAL) and attribute OTHER’S behavior to dispositional factors (INTERNAL)

91
Q

what is a good way to measure sympathetic arousal?

A

electrical conductivity of the skin

92
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

stress response always follows a similar course

  1. alarm
  2. resistance
  3. exhaustion
93
Q

hippocampus

A

memory

94
Q

hypothalamus

A

process SNS inputs

control endocrine

95
Q

cerebellum

A

motor tasks

96
Q

validity

A

did you measure what you intended to measure

97
Q

reliability

A

consistency of scores

98
Q

basic group dynamics

A

larger groups are more stable but less intimate
smaller groups are less stable but more intimate

triad is more stable than dyad

99
Q

caste systems

A

closed stratification systems

100
Q

class systems

A

status systems, but not closed

101
Q

Erikson’s stages of development

A 
trust vs. mistrust (0-1)
autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1-3)
initiative vs. guilt (3-6)
industry vs. inferiority (6-12)
identity vs. role confusion (12-20)
intimacy vs. isolation (20-40)
generativity vs. stagnation (40-65)
integrity vs. despair (65 on)
102
Q

Schacter-Singer Theory (two-factor theory)

A

arousal and label feeling –> emotion

“I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone is happy”

103
Q

James Lange theory

A

arousal –> emotion

104
Q

Cannon-Bard

A

simultaneous emotion and arousal –> action

“I see a snake, so I fell afraid and my heart is racing”

105
Q

linguistic relativity (Whorf-Sapir hypothesis)

A

language affects the way we think

106
Q

peg word system

A

associate number with objects that rhyme

107
Q

multistore memory model

A

how memory works

sensory –> short term –> long term

108
Q

retrograde memory

A

ability to remember information before brain injury

109
Q

anterograde memory

A

ability to form long-term memories after brain injury

110
Q

which theory?

participant felt general excitement and simultaneously experience physical symptoms of autonomic arousal (racing heart)

A

Cannon-Bard

111
Q

which theory?
participants experienced physical symptoms of autonomic arousal, such as racing heart, and then they reported that they felt afraid

A

James-Lange

112
Q

Patient feels ignored by doctor who is busy. Doctor misinterprets this as a sign of patient’s hostility.
What explains this scenario?

A

symbolic interactionism

113
Q

token economy

A

rewarding individuals with secondary reinforcers that can be exchanged for good stimuli

MCAT (5 decks)

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