Psychology and Visual Perception

Question 1

cornea

Answer 1

• bends light into lens
• lies infant of iris, clear

Question 2

pupil

Answer 2

• round, black hole in centre of iris
• changes size depending on light conditions
• controls amount of light reaching retina for clear vision

Question 3

iris

Answer 3

• coloured part of eye
• adjusts pupil size depending on light conditions: contracts and relaxes to change size
• provides eye colour

Question 4

lens

Answer 4

• flexible
• enables light to be focused on retina

Question 5

retina

Answer 5

• thin, light sensitive layer at back of eye
• contains photoreceptors (rods and cones)
• sends electrical impulses to brain via optic nerve

Question 6

photoreceptors

Answer 6

• rods: night vision, peripheral, black and white
• cones: day, no peripheral, colour, fine details
• convert light into electrical impulses sent to brain (transduction)

Question 7

definition of psychology

Answer 7

study of human thoughts, behaviours and feelings

Question 8

behaviours are:

Answer 8

directly observable actions eg: walking, talking, eating etc…

Question 9

mental processes are:

Answer 9

indirectly observable actions. eg: thinking, feeling, learning etc…

Question 10

3 differences between psychology and psychiatry

Answer 10

psychology:
- 6 - 7 years of study
- can’t prescribe medication
- no referral needed

Psychiatry:
- 13 years of study and medical doctor
- can prescribe medication
- referral needed

Question 11

3 psychology specialisations

Answer 11

sport, community, clinical

Question 12

3 roles of the cerebral cortex

Answer 12

processing of complex sensory information, initiation of voluntary movement, language

Question 13

describe what the cerebral cortex looks like

Answer 13

wrinkled like a walnut, and only few mm thick

Question 14

what are some of the cerebral cortex’s complex mental abilities?

Answer 14

perception, learning, language, thinking etc..

Question 15

what are the three areas of the cerebral cortex and what do they do?

Answer 15

1. sensory areas: receive and processs sensory info
2. motor areas: initiate voluntary movement
3. association areas: deal with more complex functions that require integration of inputs from other areas

Question 16

what are the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 16

Two symmetrical brain ares running from the front to the back of the brain. They usually work together to keep the body functioning.

Question 17

hemispheric specialisation

Answer 17

the idea that one hemisphere usually has specialised functions/ exerts greater control over a funtion

Question 18

left hemisphere functions/specialisations:

Answer 18

• receives and processes sensations from RHS of body
• controls voluntary movement on RHS of body
• verbal tasks
• analysis
• logic

Question 19

right hemisphere functions/specialisations:

Answer 19

• receives and processes sensation from LHS of body
• controls voluntary movement of LHS of body
• processing of whole
• creativity
• recognising emotions
• appretiation of art and music

Question 20

name the 5 different lobes off the cerebral cortex:

Answer 20

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and cerebellum

Question 21

roles of the frontal lobe

Answer 21

• attention
• decisions
• personality
• planning

Question 22

roles of the parietal lobe

Answer 22

• body senses
• spatial reasoning
• attention

Question 23

roles of the temporal lobe

Answer 23

• language
• facial recognition
• sounds
• memory

Question 24

role of the occipital lobe

Answer 24

VISION

Question 25

role of cerebellum

Answer 25

- posture - balance

Question 26

sensation defintion, process type and differs between people (Y/N)

Answer 26

the process by which our sense organs and receptors detect and respond to sensory info. passive process same for all people

Question 27

perception defintion, process type nd whether it differs between people (Y/N)

Answer 27

where our brain gives meaning to sensory info active process different for people

Question 28

what is the process of the visual perception system?

Answer 28

RISING THROUGH TOUGH SITUATIONS, OVERCOMING IMPACT reception transduction transmission selection organisation interpretation

Question 29

path of light through the eye

Answer 29

CPILR cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina

Question 30

optic disc/blindspot

Answer 30

- where the optic nerve connects to the retina - called blindspot because there are no photoreceptors in tis area, meaning no image detection

Question 31

process of the image through the eye to achieve perception?

Answer 31

-light is focused on the retina upside down - retina converts image into neural impulses (transduction) which travel along optic nerve to brain - brain interprets image (perception)

Question 32

what are depth cues?

Answer 32

they allow someone to judge distance or depth of stimuli in their environment. they allow images/our surrounding to be perceived in 3D.

Question 33

monocular depth cues

Answer 33

- are the use of only one eye to give Brain info about depth and distance - most depth cues are monocular

Question 34

accomodation definition and monocular or binocular?

Answer 34

- monocular - the lens' ability to adjust depending on how far away an object is - for a close object, the lens must bend light more

Question 35

what are pictorial depth cues and monocular or binocular?

Answer 35

- monocular - used to create depth and distance on 2D objects (pictures) -

Question 36

what are the 5 types of pictorial depth cues?

Answer 36

- relative size - interposition/overlap - texture gradient - height in visual field - linear perspective

Question 37

relative size definition

Answer 37

brains tendency top perceive the object producing the largest image as closest to us and the smaller image as further away

Question 38

interposition/overlap definition

Answer 38

tend to perceive objects blocking another as closer than the object which is blocked

Question 39

texture gradient definition

Answer 39

when texture changes on a surface as it moves further away

Question 40

linear perspective definition

Answer 40

the seeming convergence of parallel lines as they move into the distance

Question 41

height in visual field definition

Answer 41

objects closer to the horizon and smaller are further away objects further away from the horizon and larger are closer

Question 42

what are binocular depth cues and what are their names?

Answer 42

- they rely on the use of both eyes - retinal disparity - convergence

Question 43

retinal disparity defintion

Answer 43

the eyes provide slightly different images to the brain so retinal disparity is the brain's tendency to find the middle ground between the two in order to create one balanced image

Question 44

convergence definition

Answer 44

The inward movement of eyes as they focus of a nearby object, providing the brain with info about depth and distance through the angle of convergance.

Question 45

explain what the gestalt principles are and name the 4 main types:

Answer 45

- Gestalt principles are the grouping together of stimuli into meaningful wholes. - they are applied immediately and automatically - the 4 main types are: figure ground, closure, similarity, proximity

Question 46

figure ground definition

Answer 46

when the brain organises stimuli into figure and ground eg: black writing (figure) on white paper (ground)

Question 47

closure definition

Answer 47

brain's ability to fill in the gaps eg toilet signs - brain perceives them as whole people despite the gaps

Question 48

similarity definition

Answer 48

when the brain groups together things that have similar features eg people in uniform

Question 49

proximity definition

Answer 49

when objects are near each other so the brain perceives them as a whole eg words - letters are close together to form words and spaces seperate them