Psychology Ch. 1-2 Flashcards by Rachel J Powers

Founded the 1st Psychology lab (1879). A German Physiologist and Philosopher.

Wilhelm Wund

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Pioneered the Study of Learning. A Russian Physiologist.

Ivan Pavlov

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Personality Theorist, proponent of the Psychodynamic Theories. An Austrian Physician.

Sigmund Freud

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Influential observer of child behavior. A Swiss Biologist.

Jean Piaget

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Published the first psychology textbook, “Principles of Psychology”. An American Philosopher.

William James

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The science of behavior and mental processes.

Psychology

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Relative contribution of GENES and EXPERIENCE to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.

Nature vs. Nurture

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How the body and brain work to create emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.

Neuroscience

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How behavior springs from unconscious drives. (Freud)

Psychodynamic

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How observable responses are acquired and changed.

Behavioral

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How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

Cognitive

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How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.

Social-cultural

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What are the traits of a scientific attitude?

Curiosity, Open minded skepticism, and humility.

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A type of thinking that examines assumptions, appraises source, evaluates evidence, discern biases, and assesses conclusions.

Critical Thinking

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Looking inward and noting immediate sensations and feelings, etc.

Introspection

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Observes and describes behavior. Ex: Case Study, Survey, naturalistic observation.

Descriptive Research

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measuring two variables and finding he statistical relationship between them.

Correlational study. (Correlation doesn’t equal causation :) )

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Manipulating 1+ variables (IV) to observe the effects on some behavior (DV). Isolates cause and effect.

Experimental Research

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Pill with no drug in it. Medicine with no actual drug to cure the disease in it.

Placebo

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Results caused by expectations alone.

Placebo Effect

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Is it ethical to experiment on animals?

Yes, but with ground rules and ethical judgement. 7% of psychology’s studies are done on animals. Of that 7%, 95% of those are mice, rats, rabbits, and birds.

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Is it ethical to experiment on humans? If so, what are the rules?

Yes, but with rules. Those being the participant needs to give informed consent, be protected from harm/discomfort, be given strict confidentiality, and be debriefed after if they wish.

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What does SQ3R stand for?

Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review.

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What does SQ3R emphasize?

It incorporates critical thinking and emphasizes the importance of retrieving information.

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(Ill-fated) theory that says that bumps on the skull revealed mental abilities and character traits.

Phrenology

Studies the link between biology and behavior.

Biological Psychology

Basic building blocks of the nervous system. Consists of cell body, axon, dendrites, myelin sheathes, etc.

Neurons

Receives info from sensory receptors, receives the signal.

Dendrites

Single fiber that passes info through its terminal branches, sends the signal.

Axon

Fatty layer of cells encasing the axon. They insulate the axon and help speed up the neurotransmission.

Myelin Sheaths

Result of degeneration of myelin sheaths, resulting in a loss of muscle control.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Brief electrical charge that travels down the axon.

Action potential

Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

Threshold

Gap between two neurons (sending and receiving)

Synapse

Chemical messengers

neurotransmitters

Sends sensory info from tissue and sensory organs INWARD to the brain and spinal cord.

Sensory Neurons

Works in the spinal cord and brain to INTERVENE between sensory and motor neurons. Helps to process the info.

Interneurons

Sends instructions OUTWARD from the brain and spinal cord to the body tissue (often muscles.)

Motor Neurons

The brain's ability to modify itself after damage.

Plasticity

What else besides body-made chemicals affect the brain?

Drugz

A molecule that INCREASES neurotransmitter's actions.

Agonist

INHIBITS neurotransmitter activity

Antagonist

Triggers a positive feeling into the body. Ex: Runner's high. Has analgesic properties, which diminishes the perception of pain.

Endorphins

Nervous system made up of Sensory and motor neurons

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Part of the PNS, the nervous system that involuntarily controls the muscles and glands of internal organs.

Autonomic Nervous System

Part of the PNS, the nervous system that controls skeletal muscles voluntarily.

Somatic Nervous System

Part of the Autonomic Nervous System, the nervous system that arouses the body to fight, flee, or freeze. In women oxytocin is released to stimulate the tend/befriend response.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Part of the Autonomic Nervous System that calms the body after a stressful event, AKA the rest/digest response.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

The body's slow communication system. A set of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream.

Endocrine System

Chemical messengers produced in one tissue through the blood, affecting other tissues.

Hormones

Located at the top of the Kidneys, releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, (adrenaline and noradrenaline) to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system fight or flight response, providing a surge of energy.

Adrenal Glands

Master gland of the endocrine system, it is a pea-sized structure in the brain that regulates body growth and development along with releasing oxytocin.

Pituitary Gland

List the parts of the brain from oldest to youngest

Brain stem, limbic system, and cerebral cortex.

Part of the brain that begins when the spinal cord enters the skull. Made of the medulla, cerebellum, thalamus, and reticular formation.

Brainstem

Part of the brainstem that controls heart rate and breathing. Is the crossover point of nerves.

Medulla

Part of the brainstem that is made of two wrinkled hemispheres and influences nonverbal learning and skill memory. The most obvious function is muscle control.

Cerebellum

Part of the brainstem that looks like a pair of egg-shaped structures that is considered the brains sensory switchboard. It deals with seeing, hearing, tasting, and touching.

Thalamus

Part of the brainstem that is inside the brainstem, running from the spinal cord to the thalamus. It controls arousal and attention.

Reticular formation

Brain system that is at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres. It is linked to emotions and motivation.

The Limbic System

Part of the limbic system that is 2 almond shaped structures (neural clusters) that influences aggression and fear.

Amygdala

Part of the limbic system that is just below the thalamus, it is responsible for the performance of bodily maintenance duties like hunger, thirst, temperature, etc.

Hypothalamus

Part of the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.

Hippocampus

Brain system that covers the cerebrum, has a wrinkled appearance, and is a 1/8 of an inch thick sheet of nerve cells.

Cerebral Cortex

Lobe of the cerebral cortex that deals with speaking, making plans, judgement, and muscle movement.

Frontal Lobes

Lobe of the cerebral cortex that deals with touch and body position.

Parietal Lobes

Lobe of the cerebral cortex that deal with seeing (opposite eye, opposite side.)

Occipital Lobes

Lobe of the cerebral cortex that deals with hearing (opposite ear, opposite side.)

Temporal Lobes

After serious injury and the spinal cord is severed or the brain tissue is destroyed, will the injured neurons regenerate?

Brain Imaging Technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to show brain anatomy.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Brain Imaging Technique that reveals blood flow and shows brain structure and function.

Functional MRI (fMRI)

Brain Imaging Technique that is a visual display of brain activity using radioactive glucose.

Position Emission Tomography (PET)

Brain Imaging Technique that measures the electrical activity of the brain

EEG

A wide and of axon fibers connecting the right and left hemispheres

Corpus Callosum

What side of the brain controls the right side of the body and face?

The left side of the brain

What side of the brain controls the left side of the body and face?

The right side of the brain

Can a person live after having a hemispherectomy? (Removal of a part of or a whole hemisphere of the brain)

Yes

Traits of the left side of the brain

More logical, verbal, and analytical.

Traits of the right side of the brain

More creative, imaginative, and delas with more emotional expression.

What side of the brain is largely responsible for speech and language?

The left side.

Psychology Ch. 1-2 Flashcards

(80 cards)