Psychology ch. 5

Question 1

Carefully timed exposure to bright fluorescent lights has been shown to alter the:
a) timing of the sex drive.
b) intensity of hunger.
c) time at which a person becomes sleepy.
d) depth of REM sleep.

Answer 1

c) time at which a person becomes sleepy

Question 2

During REM sleep, EEG waves resemble _____ waves, muscles become more _____, and breathing and heart rates become _____.
a) delta; relaxed; slower
b) beta; tense; more rapid
c) beta; relaxed; more rapid
d) alpha; tense; slower

Answer 2

c) beta; relaxed; more rapid

Question 3

The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a:
a) gross index of brain activity, averaging the activity of billions of neurons.
b) fine-grained index of brain activity that indicates which nuclei are active at a given moment.
c) more sensitive measure of the activity of neurons deep within the brain than to the activity of neurons near the surface.
d) measure of responsiveness to electric stimulation during sleep.

Answer 3

a) gross index of brain activity, averaging the activity of billions of neurons.

Question 4

If the suprachiasmatic nucleus is damaged, animals will:
a) continue in their usual sleep-waking cycle.
b) fall asleep and wake up at random times.
c) sleep constantly.
d) stay awake constantly.

Answer 4

b) fall asleep and wake up at random times.

Question 5

The set of neurons in which activity constitutes a motivational state is called a:
a) central drive system.
b) homeostatic mechanism.
c) regulatory drive system.
d) nerve.

Answer 5

a) central drive system.

Question 6

Which statement BEST describes the phenomenon known as psychic blindness?
a) Objects no longer have any psychological significance.
b) Empathy with others is much more difficult.
c) Visual descriptions are no longer as stimulating.
d) Sounds are no longer associated with visual images.

Answer 6

a) Objects no longer have any psychological significance.

Question 7

Differences in body weight within a culture result mainly from differences in _____; weight differences across cultures can be strongly affected by differences in _____.
a) genes; genes
b) genes; the environment
c) the environment; the environment
d) the environment; genes

Answer 7

b) genes; the environment

Question 8

A marathon runner is eagerly looking forward to having a drink of water. Thirst is the runner’s:
a) homeostasis.
b) central drive system.
c) motivational state.
d) incentive.

Answer 8

c) motivational state.

Question 9

A feeling of being sad and upset may be labeled as ________ when it is free-floating and as ______ when it is associated with a specific loss.
a) sadness; heartbreak
b) grief; depression
c) depression; grief
d) heartbreak; sadness

Answer 9

c) depression; grief

Question 10

The release of dopamine into the nucleus accumbens:
a) promotes short-term potential of neural connections in that area.
b) promotes long-term potential of neural connections in that area.
c) only occurs when a reward is not presented.
d) only occurs when punishment is presented.

Answer 10

b) promotes long-term potential of neural connections in that area.

Question 11

In circadian-clock experiments with humans, Charles Czeisler found that:
a) altering time cues did not change most participants’ personal circadian rhythm
b) altering participants’ customary lighting conditions helped nonsomniacs to sleep at night, but did not help insomniacs.
c) having a few hours of bright, artificial light at night coupled with avoidance of natural light during the day could reverse subjects’ circadian clocks.
d) altering participants’ customary lighting conditions helped participants with abnormal sleep patterns to achieve normal sleep patterns, but the consequent decrease in REM sleep made the participants irritable when awake.

Answer 11

c) having a few hours of bright, artificial light at night coupled with avoidance of natural light during the day could reverse subjects’ circadian clocks.

Question 12

Olds and Milner identified reward pathways in the brain by:
a) testing rats in an apparatus in which the rats could electrically stimulate various areas of their own brains by pressing a lever.
b) producing lesions in the brains of rats to determine which specific brain structures were responsible for controlling specific drives.
c) using brain imaging to investigate which neurons in the brain stopped firing when hungry monkeys had to choose between food and an incentive related to some other drive.
d) demonstrating that human participants report feeling different types of pleasure when different areas of the brain are electrically stimulated.

Answer 12

a) testing rats in an apparatus in which the rats could electrically stimulate various areas of their own brains by pressing a lever.

Question 13

Based on the concept that reward has multiple components, experiencing satisfaction after being praised by one’s professor for a good class presentation would be identified as:
a) wanting.
b) reinforcement.
c) achievement.
d) liking.

Answer 13

d) liking.

Question 14

Liking refers to the _____ and wanting refers to the _____.
a) desire to obtain a reward; feeling of satisfaction that occurs when one receives a reward
b) effects that rewards have in promoting learning; desire to obtain a reward
c) feeling of satisfaction that occurs when one receives a reward; desire to obtain a reward
d) desire to obtain a reward; effects that rewards have in promoting learning

Answer 14

c) feeling of satisfaction that occurs when one receives a reward; desire to obtain a reward

Question 15

The _____ has connections to large areas of the limbic system and cerebral cortex, and is a crucial center for the behavioral effects of rewards in humans and other mammals.
a) suprachiasmatic nucleus
b) nucleus accumbens
c) ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
d) arcuate nucleus

Answer 15

b) nucleus accumbens

Question 16

Sleep is an example of a circadian rhythm because it:
a) is a phenomenon that occurs in humans throughout the world.
b) is associated with specific EEG and hormonal patterns.
c) can be altered by adjusting the amount of light to which an individual is exposed.
d)is a rhythmic change that continues at close to a 24-hour cycle in the absence of external time-of-day cues.

Answer 16

d)is a rhythmic change that continues at close to a 24-hour cycle in the absence of external time-of-day cues.

Question 17

Comparisons of the amount of time and the time of day that different species spend sleeping support the _____ theory of sleep.
a) body-restoration
b) preservation and protection
c) circadian rhythm
d) peripheral feedback

Answer 17

b) preservation and protection

Question 18

An internal condition that can change over time and that orients someone toward a specific goal is called a(n):
a) emotional condition.
b) internal form.
c) motivational state.
d)state of mind.

Answer 18

c) motivational state.

Question 19

A week of final exams filled with stress and too much caffeine has caused Hermes to suffer from _____, or the inability to fall asleep.
a) narcolepsy
b) nonsomnia
c) insomnia
d) somnambulism

Answer 19

c) insomnia

Question 20

Which is MOST useful as an index of sleep?
a) steroid levels in the blood
b) electrical brain activity measured with an EEG
c) degree of muscle tension in the limbs
d) onset of rapid eye movement

Answer 20

b) electrical brain activity measured with an EEG

Question 21

True dreams occur during _____ sleep, whereas sleep thought occurs during _____ sleep.
a) alpha-wave; REM
b) REM; alpha-wave
c) non-REM; REM
d) REM; non-REM

Answer 21

d) REM; non-REM

Question 22

Motivational theories based on the idea of homeostasis attempt to explain drives in terms of:
a) tissue needs.
b) the arousal response.
c) reward and punishment.
d) hypothetical mental constructs.

Answer 22

a) tissue needs.

Question 23

Hunger is an example of a(n) _____ and food is an example of the corresponding _____.
a) drive; motivational state
b) incentive; reinforcer
c) drive; incentive
d)motivational state; drive

Answer 23

c) drive; incentive

Question 24

Emotions are important because they:
a) motivate us.
b) encourage irrational behavior.
c) help us communicate.
d) motivate us and help us communicate.

Answer 24

d) motivate us and help us communicate.

Question 25

The EEG of a person who is awake and relaxed, with closed eyes, thinking of nothing in particular, will generally consist of _____ waves. a) alpha b) beta c) delta d) theta

Answer 25

a) alpha

Question 26

Mei told her friend, Layla, to smile and be happy. According to Ekman's facial feedback theory of emotion: a) if Layla becomes happier, she will smile more. b) if Layla smiles more, she will feel happier. c)if Layla sees Mei smiling, Layla will feel happy. d) being happy and smiling must both be active goals for Layla if she is to feel better.

Answer 26

b) if Layla smiles more, she will feel happier.

Question 27

Which is NOT one of the three components of reward? a) needing b) liking c) wanting d) reinforcement

Answer 27

a) needing

Question 28

Which theory predicts that a drug-induced increase in arousal will increase the intensity of the emotion felt in an emotion-inducing situation? a) the common-sense theory of emotion b) Schachter's cognition-plus-feedback theory of emotion c) James's peripheral feedback theory of emotion d) Schachter's cognition-plus-feedback theory of emotion and James's peripheral-feedback theory of emotion

Answer 28

d) Schachter's cognition-plus-feedback theory of emotion and James's peripheral-feedback theory of emotion

Question 29

According to the brain maintenance theory of REM sleep, the reason REM sleep occurs is to: a) regularly exercise groups of neurons in the brain. b) help preserve energy for the coming day. c) help promote recuperation of the body. d) reset the circadian rhythm of the brain

Answer 29

a) regularly exercise groups of neurons in the brain.

Question 30

A laboratory rat has received an injection of an appetite-stimulator that causes it to start eating voraciously. The _____ of the hypothalamus would be the most likely site of the injection. a) suprachiasmatic nucleus b) nucleus accumbens c) ventrolateral preoptic nucleus d) arcuate nucleus

Answer 30

d) arcuate nucleus

Question 31

What is the term for any biological change that is in approximately a 24-hour cycle without any external cues? a) homeostasis b) internal sleep cycle c) circadian rhythm d) day-night cycle

Answer 31

c) circadian rhythm

Question 32

Which of these options would NOT be considered an incentive? a) reinforcers. b) homeostasis. c) goals. d) rewards.

Answer 32

b) homeostasis.

Question 33

All are incentives EXCEPT: a) water. b) hunger. c) food. d) social attention.

Answer 33

b) hunger.

Question 34

The hypothalamus is the hub for the central drive system because it connects the: a) brainstem, occipital lobe, adrenal glands, and limbic system. b) brainstem, limbic system, and cerebral cortex. c) brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex, and endocrine system. d) limbic system, temporal and occipital lobes, and endocrine system.

Answer 34

c) brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex, and endocrine system.

Question 35

Ben believes that his body wears out during the day and that sleep is necessary to put it back in shape. Ben's beliefs are most consistent with the _____ of sleep. a) preservation and protection theory b) body-restoration theory c) side-effect theory d) circadian rhythm

Answer 35

b) body-restoration theory

Question 36

What is the master center of appetite control and weight regulation? a) medial forebrain bundle b) arcuate nucleus c) leptin d) basal metabolism

Answer 36

b) arcuate nucleus

Question 37

Which hormone might Daren be lacking if he can continuously eat without ever feeling full? a) neuropeptide Y b) leptin c) PYY d) testosterone

Answer 37

b) leptin

Question 38

After watching her child being yelled at by a stranger, Sally punches the man in the face. This is an example of a(n) _____ drive. a) social b) safety c) reproductive d) educative

Answer 38

c) reproductive

Question 39

Yang-Su is abruptly woken up by his cat while he is dreaming about falling off the edge of a building. What stage of sleep has he most likely been awaken from? a) REM b) Stage 2 c) Stage 3 4) Stage 4

Answer 39

a) REM

Question 40

Which of these is NOT a name for the external stimulus toward which motivated behavior is directed? a) a goal. b) an incentive. c) a reinforcer. d) a motivator.

Answer 40

d) a motivator.

Question 41

During which stage does a sleeper produce an unsynchronized EEG similar to that of an awake, alert person? a) REM sleep b) stage 2 c) stage 3 d) stage 4

Answer 41

a) REM sleep

Question 42

Janice's doctor says the reason for her weight gain could be due to an issue with her appetite control. Which part of Janice's brain is likely not working properly? a)medial forebrain bundle b) corpus callosum c) arcuate nucleus d) nucleus accumbens

Answer 42

c) arcuate nucleus

Question 43

Unsynchronized EEG (fast, irregular beta waves) characterizes both: a) REM sleep and high arousal when awake. b) REM sleep and a relaxed, inattentive awake state. c) nondreaming, deep sleep and a relaxed, inattentive awake state. d) light sleep and a relaxed, inattentive awake state.

Answer 43

a) REM sleep and high arousal when awake.

Question 44

A woman is eagerly waiting at a coffee shop for her fiancé to arrive. When she sees him approaching, she would most likely experience positive emotions associated with increased brain activity in her: a) left prefrontal cortex. b) right prefrontal cortex. c) medulla. d) pons.

Answer 44

a) left prefrontal cortex.

Question 45

What is a subjective feeling that is mentally directed toward some object? a) a nonregulatory drive b) a facial feedback c) a motivational state d) an emotion

Answer 45

d) an emotion

Question 46

A group of subjects were asked to feel emotions by mentally reliving events associated with them. A second group of subjects were asked to move their facial muscles in ways that mimic the facial expressions associated with various emotions. Researchers found that subjects: a) who relived the emotion showed the pattern of arousal associated with the emotion, whereas subjects asked to move their facial muscles did not show that pattern of arousal. b) who were asked to move their facial muscles showed the pattern of arousal associated with the emotion, whereas subjects who relived the emotion did not. c) n both groups showed the pattern of arousal associated with the emotion. d) in neither group showed the pattern of arousal associated with the emotion.

Answer 46

c) n both groups showed the pattern of arousal associated with the emotion.

Question 47

Liking is to endorphins as wanting is to: a) PYY. b) leptin. c) dopamine. d) neuropeptide Y.

Answer 47

c) dopamine.

Question 48

Which is NOT one of the pairs of opposites identified in Plutchik’s research on emotions? a) joy versus sorrow b) anger versus fear c) acceptance versus disgust d) surprise versus excitement

Answer 48

d) surprise versus excitement

Question 49

Which is a hormone that regulates weight? a) leptin b) estrogen c) testosterone d) dopamine

Answer 49

a) leptin

Question 50

The _____ is essential for the full conscious experience of emotions and the ability to act in deliberate, planned ways based on those feelings. a) amygdala. b) prefrontal cortex. c) thalamus. d) hypothalamus.

Answer 50

b) prefrontal cortex.

Question 51

_____ is/are responsible for the liking component of reward, and _____ is/are responsible for the wanting component of reward. a) Dopamine; dopamine b) Dopamine; endorphins c) Endorphins; endorphins d) Endorphins; dopamine

Answer 51

d) Endorphins; dopamine

Question 52

Research suggests that all of the following may be related to obesity later in life EXCEPT: a) exposure to high levels of fructose early in life. b) living a more sedentary lifestyle. c) having a twin that is a healthy weight. d) poor prenatal nutrition.

Answer 52

c) having a twin that is a healthy weight.

Question 53

According to the side-effect theory of dreams discussed in the text, dreams are the result of the: a) brain making sense of hallucinations caused by the exercise of perceptual and motor neuron groups during REM sleep. b) mind searching for new and meaningful connections among life's experiences. c) mind trying to disguise or symbolize painful memories in order to protect the dreamer. d) brain trying to solve daytime problem

Answer 53

a) brain making sense of hallucinations caused by the exercise of perceptual and motor neuron groups during REM sleep.

Question 54

Why is seeking for social contact NOT considered a regulatory drive? a) because it is involved in reproduction b) because it is a need for the mind, especially for the evolutionary process c) because it does not serve a purpose d) because it does not maintain homeostasis and is considered a want more than a need for the body

Answer 54

d) because it does not maintain homeostasis and is considered a want more than a need for the body

Question 55

Which are MOST common during stage 4 of sleep? a) alpha waves b) beta waves c) delta waves d) theta waves

Answer 55

c) delta waves

Question 56

Many of the neurons in the pathway essential for the wanting component of reward use _____ as their transmitter. a) endorphins b) norepinephrine c) dopamine d) serotonin

Answer 56

c) dopamine

Question 57

Three groups of monkeys are trained on a specific motor task just prior to sleep. Monkeys in group 1 are deprived of REM sleep, monkeys in group 2 are deprived of slow-wave sleep, and monkeys in group 3 are allowed to sleep normally. The next morning, the monkeys are retested on the same motor task. If researchers find that groups 2 and 3 perform better while those in group 1 perform the same or worse, their results would most support the role of: a) non-REM sleep in physical restoration. b) REM sleep in memory consolidation. c) dreams as a side effect of neural exercise. d) sleep as a biological rhythm that affects motor performance.

Answer 57

b) REM sleep in memory consolidation.

Question 58

Research on dieting has found that those who are successful typically were so because they avoided_____ but greatly increased _____. a) low-fat foods; their exercise b) exercise; consumption of fruits and vegetables c) high-fat foods; their exercise d) sugar; consumption of fruits and vegetables

Answer 58

c) high-fat foods; their exercise

Question 59

When fat cells have adequate reserves, they secrete the hormone known as _____, which _____ the hunger drive. a) leptin; decreases b) neuropeptide Y; decreases c) leptin; increases d) neuropeptide Y; increases

Answer 59

a) leptin; decreases