Psychology chapter 5

Question 1

polysomnography

Answer 1

a set of objective measurements used to examine physiological variables during sleep

Question 2

sleep deprivation

Answer 2

occurs when an individual cannot or does not sleep

Question 3

manifest content

Answer 3

the images and storylines that we dream about

Question 4

preserve and protect hypothesis

Answer 4

suggests that two more adaptive functions of sleep are preserving energy and protecting the organism from harm

Question 5

nightmares

Answer 5

particularly vivid and disturbing dreams that occur during REM sleep

Question 6

narcolepsy

Answer 6

a disorder in which a person experiences extreme daytime sleepiness and even sleep attacks

Question 7

chronotype

Answer 7

the tendency to prefer sleeping earlier or later in a given 24-hour period

Question 8

sleep displacement

Answer 8

occurs when an individual is prevented from sleeping at the normal time although she may be able to sleep earlier or later in the day than usual

Question 9

night terrors

Answer 9

intense bouts of panic and arousal that awaken the individual, typically in a heightened emotional state

Question 10

REM sleep

Answer 10

a stage of sleep characterized by quickening brain waves, inhibited body movement, and rapid eye movements (REM)

Question 11

latent content

Answer 11

the actual symbolic meaning of a dream built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges

Question 12

entrainment

Answer 12

when biological rhythms become synchronized to external cues such as light, temperature, or even a clock

Question 13

somnambulism

Answer 13

(sleepwalking), a disorder that involves wandering and performing other activities while asleep

Question 14

consciousness

Answer 14

a person’s subjective awareness, including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world, and self-awareness

Question 15

circadian rhythms

Answer 15

internally driven daily cycles of approximately 24 hours affecting physiological and behavioural processes

Question 16

problem-solving theory

Answer 16

the theory that thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleeping, and that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered while awake

Question 17

sleep apnea

Answer 17

a disorder characterized by the temporary inability to breathe during sleep (apnea literally translates to “without breathing”)

Question 18

insomnia

Answer 18

a disorder characterized by an extreme lack of sleep

Question 19

restore and repair hypothesis

Answer 19

the idea that the body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear experienced during the day’s activities

Question 20

REM behaviour disorder

Answer 20

condition that does not show the typical restriction of movement during REM sleep; in fact, they appear to be acting out of the content of their dreams

Question 21

jet lag

Answer 21

the discomfort a person feels when sleep cycles are out of synchronization with light and darkness

Question 22

activation–synthesis hypothesis

Answer 22

suggests that dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages from the pons, a part of the brainstem

Question 23

endogenous rhythms

Answer 23

biological rhythms that are generated by our body independent of external cues such as light

Question 24

brain death

Answer 24

a condition in which the brain, specifically including the brainstem, no longer functions

Question 25

coma

Answer 25

a state marked by a complete loss of consciousness

Question 26

social-cognitive theory

Answer 26

explains hypnosis by emphasizing the degree to which beliefs and expectations contribute to increased suggestibility

Question 27

persistent vegetative state

Answer 27

state of minimal to no consciousness in which the patient’s eyes may be open, and the individual will develop sleep–wake cycles without clear signs of consciousness

Question 28

locked-in syndrome

Answer 28

a disorder in which the patient is aware and awake but, because of an inability to move his or her body, appears unconscious

Question 29

hypnosis

Answer 29

a procedure of inducing a heightened state of suggestibility

Question 30

mind-wandering

Answer 30

an unintentional redirection of attention from one’s current task to an unrelated train of thought

Question 31

minimally conscious state (MCS)

Answer 31

a disordered state of consciousness marked by the ability to show some behaviours that suggest at least partial consciousness, even if on an inconsistent basis

Question 32

dissociation theory

Answer 32

explains hypnosis as a unique state in which consciousness is divided into two parts: a lower-level system involved with perception and movement and an “executive” system that evaluates and monitors these behaviours

Question 33

default mode network

Answer 33

a network of brain regions including the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus, and medial and lateral regions of the parietal lobe that is most active when an individual is awake but not responding to external stimuli

Question 34

tolerance

Answer 34

when repeated use of a drug results in a need for a higher dose to get the intended effect

Question 35

sedative drugs

Answer 35

sometimes referred to as “downers,” depress activity of the central nervous system

Question 36

psychedelics

Answer 36

substances that produce perceptual distortions

Question 37

physical dependence

Answer 37

the need to take a drug to ward off unpleasant physical withdrawal symptoms

Question 38

hallucinogenic drugs

Answer 38

also known as psychedelics, are substances that produce perceptual distortions

Question 39

marijuana

Answer 39

a drug comprising the leaves and buds of the Cannabis plant that produces a combination of hallucinogenic, stimulant, and relaxing (narcotic) effect

Question 40

ecstasy (MDMA)

Answer 40

a drug that is typically classified as a stimulant, but also has hallucinogenic effects

Question 41

salvia divinorum

Answer 41

an herb that grows in Central and South America. When smoked or chewed, salvia induces highly intense but short-lived hallucinations

Question 42

lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

Answer 42

a laboratory-made (synthetic) drug that triggers unusual sensory experiences

Question 43

psychological dependence

Answer 43

occurs when emotional need for a drug develops without any underlying physical dependence

Question 44

opiates

Answer 44

(also called narcotics) are drugs such as heroin and morphine that reduce pain and induce extremely intense feelings of euphoria

Question 45

stimulants

Answer 45

a category of drugs that speed up the activity of the nervous system, typically enhancing wakefulness and alertness

Question 46

psychoactive drugs

Answer 46

substances that affect thinking, behaviour, perception, and emotion