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psychology of personality exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The Big Five factors consist of

A
  1. agreeableness
  2. conscientiousness
  3. neuroticism
  4. openness to experience
  5. extraversion
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2
Q

Peter is always on time for work and makes sure he does each task to the best of his ability. Peter is likely high in which of the Big Five traits?

A

conscientiousness

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3
Q

Ashley tends to get anxious when she goes through periods of change in her life. Ashley likely measures high on which Big Five trait?

A

neuroticism

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4
Q

Why is it more accurate to think of the Big Five traits as on a continuum rather than as distinct categories?

A

Most people measure somewhere in the middle for each trait, rather than entirely at one extreme or another.

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5
Q

Which Big Five trait contains facets such as intellect, imagination, and adventurousness?

A

Openness to experience

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6
Q

Which Big Five trait includes gregariousness and cheerfulness?

A

extraversion

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7
Q

Which Big Five trait includes anger and immoderation?

A

Neuroticism

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8
Q

Which of the Big Five traits includes achievement-striving and self-discipline?

A

conscientiousness

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9
Q

Which of the Big Five traits includes morality and altruism?

A

agreeableness

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10
Q

Vickie and Isabelle love socializing at parties on the weekends and always appear to be happy and in good spirits. They would likely score high on which Big Five trait?

A

extraversion

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11
Q

Brady and Liam spend much of their spare time volunteering at local charities, and they also like helping their friends. Brady and Liam likely score high on which Big Five trait?

A

agreeableness

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12
Q

People low in conscientiousness are more likely to

A

Abuse drugs and alcohol

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13
Q

Peter suffers from depression and was recently diagnosed with general anxiety disorder. It is not surprising that Peter also measures quite high on which Big Five personality trait?

A

Neuroticism

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14
Q

People high in neuroticism are more likely to have

A

Both physical and mental health issues

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15
Q

Zoe is about to compete in the state finals for track. She is looking forward to winning the first place trophy and the recognition that comes with it. This is an example of

A

approach motivation

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16
Q

Nick is the lead in the school play. He’s been very anxious since taking the part because he’s terrified of messing up and ruining the production, so he’s rehearsed his lines endlessly for months. This is an example of

A

avoidance motivation

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17
Q

What other human tendency possibly rooted in evolution is approach and avoidance related to?

A

fight or flight

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18
Q

An example of how situations can affect approach–avoidance motivation is that people under threat tend to experience

A

increased avoidance motivation while approach motivation doesn’t change

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19
Q

What school of psychology emphasized free will and seeing the whole person?

A

humanistic

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20
Q

In Maslow’s hierarchy, which needs are most fundamental?

A

physiological needs

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21
Q

Why is self-actualization at the very top of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

it’s at the very top because it’s difficult to attain

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22
Q

What is an implicit motive?

A

an unconscious motivation you are not aware of having

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23
Q

What are the three major implicit motives?

A

power, achievement, affiliation

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24
Q

Self-determination theory argues that which three needs can explain much of human behavior?

A

autonomy, competence, relatedness

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25
Q

The biggest difference between self-determination theory and Murray’s theory is that self-determination theory focuses on ___ and Murray’s theory focuses on ___

A

explicit motives; implicit motives

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26
Q

Earl just started a job that allows him the freedom to make his own decisions in his work environment. Which of Earl’s needs are likely being met by this job?

A

autonomy

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27
Q

Roberta enjoys volunteering and likes to spend time with her church group, helping with the food pantry. Which of Roberta’s needs are likely being met by her service in the community?

A

Relatedness

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28
Q

A study measuring autonomy, competence, and relatedness in eight countries found that they

A

predicted meaning in life and personal growth about equally in all eight cultures

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29
Q

Financial success, popularity, and physical attractiveness are examples of

A

extrinsic goals

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30
Q

Luke has always loved feeling connected to the people around him and is studying to become a social worker. Luke is being guided by

A

instristic goals

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31
Q

Lana loves stickers and is given one every time she does her spelling homework, which has caused her performance to increase. After a month, the teacher stops giving her stickers. How is Lana’s motivation to do her spelling homework likely to be affected?

A

Her motivation will decrease.

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32
Q

In one experiment, adults praised one group of children for good performance on difficult problems by saying, “You must be smart at these problems,” while telling another set of children, “You must have worked hard at these problems.” What happened when the children were given an even more difficult task?

A

The children who were praised for working hard performed better.

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33
Q

Positive psychology’s research focuses on

A

what makes our lives better and happier

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34
Q

mindfulness

A

Is being aware of your thoughts and perceptions without clinging to them or judging whether they are good or bad.

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35
Q

Mindfulness practice has been shown to help treat which of the following?

A

anxiety disorders

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36
Q

Tia is having an amazing game. Every shot she takes goes in. The hoop looks huge to her, and running up and down the court feels effortless, like she can play forever. Tia is most likely experiencing which of the following?

A

a flow state

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37
Q

Peak experiences

A

Are times when people transcend themselves and feel one with the world.

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38
Q

Which of the following most accurately demonstrates how people tend to be motivated?

A

Needs drive motives, which influence goals.

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39
Q

Anticipating rewards for success is called

A

approach motivation

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40
Q

Jill works really hard at her job because she is afraid of getting fired. This is an example of

A

avoidance motivation

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41
Q

Approach-oriented people tend to be higher in which Big Five trait?

A

extraversion

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42
Q

Who is the theorist that developed the hierarchy of needs?

A

Abraham Maslow

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43
Q

The need for love and belonging in the hierarchy of needs is similar to the need for affiliation in what theory?

A

self-determination theory

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44
Q

Carl Rogers believed that everyone can get closer to self-actualization when they experience

A

unconditional positive regard

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45
Q

Kesha works very hard at school and has trouble accepting help from anyone else. This is an example of what motive?

A

achivement

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46
Q

What are explicit motives?

A

motives that people are aware of having

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47
Q

Where are implicit motives thought to come from?

A

family environment

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48
Q

Kembra wants to develop new skills and continually learn at work. She is high on what self-determination theory need?

A

competence

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49
Q

Personal growth, affiliation, and community feeling are examples of what kind of goals?

A

intrinsic

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50
Q

Daniela does research on what makes our lives better and what makes us happier. She likely works within the research field of

A

positive psychology

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51
Q

The most common way to practice mindfulness is with

A

meditation

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52
Q

the mental experience of the smooth passage of time when you are completely immersed in an activity in the present moment.

A

Flow

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53
Q

Operant conditioning

A

general term for shaping behavior through rewards and punishments.

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54
Q

Gerald is given a sticker every time he spells a list of words correctly. This is an example of

A

Positive reinforcement (adding a reinforcer to keep a behavior from occurring)

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55
Q

Spanking is an example of a

A

Positive punishment (adding a punishment to decrease a behavior)

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56
Q

Naomi continued to text with her friends at the dinner table even after being told numerous times not to do so. Her parents then took her phone away for a week. This is an example of

A

negetive punishment

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57
Q

Chuck goes to work five days a week and is paid after every two weeks. This is an example of a ___ reinforcement schedule

A

fixed interval

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58
Q

Which of the following statements regarding socialization is true?

A

Both cultures and individual families have different standards for socialization.

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59
Q

Boys often learn to not cry and to exhibit other typically masculine behaviors as children through

A

operant conditioning

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60
Q

In an experiment, preschool children watched an adult woman repeatedly punch a Bobo doll (a large plastic toy that bounces back when hit), punctuating her smacks and kicks with instructive comments. They then saw what consequences she received. This experiment was emulating whose theory?

A

Bandura

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61
Q

Bandura’s theory that a person’s behavior causes the environment as well as the environment causing behavior is called

A

reciprocal determinism

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62
Q

In Felicia’s first-grade class, the children receive buttons every time they behave well. At the end of the week, the children can trade in the buttons for small prizes. This is an example of

A

a token economy

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63
Q

definition of behavior modification?

A

practical application of operant conditioning to improve behavior

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64
Q

One of the best therapies for depression is called behavioral

A

activation

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65
Q

The decisions people think about and make every day based on past experiences are called

A

expectancies

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66
Q

The degree to which a particular reward is enticing to a particular person is referred to as its

A

reinforcement value

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67
Q

Frieda finds calculus difficult, but studies long hours and goes for tutoring because she believes these things will help her do better in the class. Frieda likely has

A

an internal locus of control

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68
Q

People with an external locus of control are more likely to be

A

anxious and depressed

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69
Q

A dog that eats canned food typically comes running to its owner when it hears the can being opened. The food in this instance is the

A

unconditioned stimulus

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70
Q

A dog that eats canned food typically comes running to its owner when it hears the can being opened. The sound of the can opener in this instance is the

A

conditioned stimulus

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71
Q

Craig was stung by a jellyfish when he was little. Now Craig has a fear of all fish, as well as the ocean. Craig’s fear has

A

Generalized

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72
Q

spontanous recovery

A

is relearning a conditioned response.

73
Q

Reversing conditioning to eliminate the conditioned response is referred to as

A

deconditioning

74
Q

Spencer has been naughty all day long, and his parents finally give him a time-out. What operant conditioning principle are they employing?

A

negetive punishment

75
Q

B. F. Skinner’s classic experiments with animals relied on

A

positive reinforcement

76
Q

Edward Thorndike’s research confined cats to puzzle boxes. When the cats pressed a lever or pulled a string, a door would open and the cats would escape and be rewarded with food—a combination of _____ and _____

A

negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement

77
Q

Trish’s parents give her money for taking out the trash every once in a while. Trish can never predict exactly when she will get paid. What reinforcement schedule is this?

A

variable ratio

78
Q

Terence and Alisha often look to their parents for how to behave in certain situations. This is known as

A

social learning

79
Q

In the famous Bobo doll experiments, which children were more likely to copy the adult woman’s actions?

A

the children who saw the woman be rewarded or receive no consequences

80
Q

Who came up with a theory of personality that argues that a personality arises from the environment’s effect on behavior, behavior’s effect on the environment, and the way people process their experiences?

A

Bandura

81
Q

Students who go far away from home for college may have different personalities from those who stay closer to home, and the experience of being far away from home may shape their personalities. This is an example of

A

reciprocal determinism

82
Q

Jake has had problems with alcohol abuse. He is in a program in which he takes a drug that will make him nauseous whenever he drinks alcohol. Jake is taking part in

A

behaivor modification

83
Q

Ben doesn’t believe in luck. He thinks that everything that happens to him in life is a result of choices he made and actions he took. Ben exemplifies a(n)

A

internal locus of control

84
Q

Extinction, in the context of classical conditioning, means the

A

elimination of a conditioned response

85
Q

Darla recently moved into a new apartment and discovered that she could hear the people above her walking around all day long. At first this drove her crazy, but now she rarely notices it. This is called

A

habituation

86
Q

Shannon is terrified of spiders. To overcome her fear, she enters a room that contains spiders and touches one. This therapy is known as

A

flooding

87
Q

Which research method is commonly used to study personality over time and involves comparing the same people at different ages over time?

A

Longitudinal study

88
Q

Which type of study do personality researchers commonly use to study different age and generation groups at the same time?

A

cross-sectional

89
Q

Longitudinal studies help describe age differences in personality because they

A

collect data from the same people over time

90
Q

What is temperament?

A

genetically based behavioral tendencies seen in young children

91
Q

Child temperament constructs relate to the Big Five in which of the following ways?

A

Generally, the primary temperament constructs overlap with each of the Big Five traits.

92
Q

Which of the following statements regarding self-esteem and childhood is true?

A

Self-esteem dips during the early teen years, and then increases during high school and young adulthood.

93
Q

What does the data on birth order show?

A

Birth order has a small effect on personality.

94
Q

When another study finds the same result, the first study is said to have

A

been replicated

95
Q

As people age from young adulthood to old age, they tend to become

A

less neurotic

96
Q

Which of the Big Five traits continues to increase after the age of 50?

A

agreeableness

97
Q

When does openness increase?

A

between 18 to 22

98
Q

how does self-esteem change as we age?

A

Self-esteem remains the same through early and middle adulthood, then increases in late adulthood.

99
Q

mean level change

A

is a shift in a population’s average personality trait scores with age.

100
Q

Quantum change

A

is a radical personality change

101
Q

What combination of personality changes has been labeled the “maturation of personality”?

A

higher conscientiousness, higher agreeableness, and lower neuroticism

102
Q

higher conscientiousness, higher agreeableness, and lower neuroticism

A

emerging adulthood

103
Q

According to Erikson’s life stages, what is the central crisis of young adulthood?

A

intimacy versus isolation

104
Q

A study of people in their 40s and 50s found that negative experiences had a negligible effect on personality, though those who said their lives had changed significantly for the worse increased in

A

neuroticism

105
Q

Emma is 75 years old. She’s been married to the same person for 40 years. She’s had a very successful career, and she’s in great health. What is a likely Big Five combination for Emma?

A

high in conscientiousness and high in agreeableness

106
Q

One study followed people from ages 10 to 30 and found that children higher in conscientiousness were more likely to

A

graduate from college and to succeed at work

107
Q

Research has found that the most important factor in succeeding at work is

A

IQ

108
Q

The best predictors of staying married versus getting divorced.

A

Low neuroticism and high agreeableness

109
Q

Jeanine has been studying the personalities of the same group of 50 men and women for more than a decade now. Jeanine is in the process of conducting a(n)

A

Longitudinal study

110
Q

Harris is an easy-going baby who seems to enjoy being around other children. Based on what we know from this description, which Big Five trait is Harris likely to measure high on as an adult?

A

agreeableness

111
Q

Maya is an only child. Which of the following is most likely true of Maya compared to children who have siblings?

A

She shows no discernable difference in personality from children who have siblings

112
Q

She shows no discernable difference in personality from children who have siblings

A

There is no conclusive difference compared to their siblings.

113
Q

According to the research, what is the biggest difference that’s been found between only children and children with siblings?

A

Only children tend to inherit more money from their parents.

114
Q

A cross-sectional study found that the typical 65-year-old is more self-disciplined than

A

most adolescents (85%)

115
Q

DeAnna is 21 years old and is constantly examining herself in the mirror and talking about herself in public. She needs to be the center of attention. Over time, DeAnna’s narcissism is likely to

A

Decrease

116
Q

Rank order consistency

A

Comparing someone to an average person in their age group

117
Q

The idea that personalities mature as people enter important adult social roles

A

social investment theory

118
Q

Based on research, which of the following can be said about people after they settle into committed relationships?

A

Neuroticism tends to decrease.

119
Q

The relationship between personality and life outcomes is true?

A

Personality is an important predictor of health, relationships, and work performance.

120
Q

Which term refers to biological categories based on chromosomes and genitals?

A

sex

121
Q

Which term refers to roles and behavior caused by biology, culture, or both?

A

gender

122
Q

Hair length, clothing, and even careers are attributes of

A

gender

123
Q

cisgender

A

People whose gender identity and biological sex are congruent

124
Q

Jamie’s sex at birth was designated as male. But Jamie identifies herself as a woman.

A

she is transgender

125
Q

Which three Big Five traits do women, on average, score higher on than men?

A

neuroticism, agreeableness, and extraversion

126
Q

Data shows that sex differences in the Big Five personality traits tend to be

A

small to moderate

127
Q

More recent scales such as the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) measure masculinity and femininity by using which of the following?

A

two different scales—one related to masculinity and one related to femininity

128
Q

What is the difference between sex and gender?

A

Sex refers to biological categories while gender refers to roles and behaviors.

129
Q

On which Big Five trait do women and men differ the most, on average?

A

neuroticism

130
Q

Terman and Miles wrote one of the earliest assessments of psychological masculinity and femininity with which assumption?

A

Masculinity and femininity were on the same scale, when in reality they’re seperate

131
Q

Chad and Melinda are sitting together on the couch, but Chad appears to be taking up much more space with his legs spread apart and his arms spread out on the back of the couch. The space consumed by Chad compared to Melinda is known as

A

body expansiveness

132
Q

self-objecification

A

Research shows women are more focused on how others view their physical appearance.

133
Q

cultural products

A

Artifacts of a culture, such as television shows

134
Q

Cultural differences are usually viewed in terms of

A

people and what they produce as their cultural artifacts

135
Q

mutual constitution model

A

shows us how culture shapes individuals and individuals shape culture.

136
Q

individualism

A

a cultural system that favors the needs of the self over those of others and the society.

137
Q

collectivism

A

a cultural system that places the needs of others and the society first.

138
Q

Brady is the star basketball player on his varsity high school team. When recently interviewed for the local news, he said his coach and parents’ support was why he has done so well. This is considered an example of

A

external attribution

139
Q

People from individualistic cultural systems tend to make _____ when considering the behavior of others.

A

internal attributions

140
Q

What is one phenomenon that makes cross-cultural comparison difficult?

A

reference-group effect

141
Q

Countries high in power distance also tend to measure lower in which Big Five trait?

A

extraversion

142
Q

Which country’s residents score highest in neuroticism?

A

Japan

143
Q

Uncertainty avoidance

A

when countries tend to have more formal systems of rules that attempt to minimize cultural and situational ambiguity.

144
Q

Europeans often greet each other with a kiss. This is an example of _____.

A

social norms

145
Q

Children learn the social norms of their culture through

A

Socialization

146
Q

In terms of the study of culture, songs by Taylor Swift would be known as __________.

A

cultural products

147
Q

encourages more positive self-views and a view of the self as separate from others.

A

Individualism

148
Q

Jesse was driving when someone cut in front of her and sped away down the highway. Jesse assumed that person was probably late for work or in the middle of an emergency. Jesse’s assessment is an example of a(n)

A

external attribution

149
Q

Roland was driving when someone cut in front of him and sped away down the highway. Roland shook his head and muttered “jerk” under his breath. “Why are people so stupid?!” he said. Roland’s assessment is an example of a(n)

A

internal attribution

150
Q

What is self-enhancement?

A

unrealistically positive views of the self and personal abilities

151
Q

A subculture

A

is a culture within a culture.

152
Q

Dr. Dufton is interested in studying stereotypes and is asking participants in her study to describe the typical member of different cultures. She is measuring

A

perceptions of national character

153
Q

Brandon thinks accounting is really fun and challenging; his best friend Kyle has always wanted to be a writer. These two friends appear to have very different

A

Vocational interest

154
Q

Finding a vocation that brings you meaning and matches who you are is called

A

Vocational fit

155
Q

Isabella thinks that her current position in the company as an assistant is beneath her and, given her knowledge and skills, that she should be a manager. She thinks this despite the fact that she doesn’t have any experience or background in management. This is an example of

A

Perceived over qualification

156
Q

The ORVIS is designed to

A

help you find a career path that aligns with your interests

157
Q

Which combination of Big Five traits is most correlated to high job performance and satisfaction?

A

high conscientiousness and low neuroticism

158
Q

Bryan is considered a bully at his workplace. He is often rude to his coworkers and has been known to take credit for their ideas. His behavior is considered to be

A

Counterproductive workplace behavior

159
Q

Samantha is the CEO of a Fortune 500 company. When she took over as CEO, the company was foundering. Under her leadership, the company has thrived, and she’s transformed the company to be highly competitive on a global scale now and in the future. Which of the following traits is Samantha most likely to possess?

A

high openness to experience

160
Q

The ability to rise to a leadership position in an organization is called

A

emergent leadership

161
Q

You’re the hiring manager of a large firm. If you’re like most employers who are seeking new employees, you are likely looking for which combination of Big Five traits?

A

high conscientiousness, low neuroticism, and high agreeableness

162
Q

Which of the following statements regarding people filling out personality questionnaires for employment purposes is true?

A

Personality questionnaires are constructed in such a way as to make it difficult to lie effectively.

163
Q

Fake good

A

personality questionnaire responses putting the self in a positive light

164
Q

Which of the following is a key predictor of workplace satisfaction and workplace performance?

A

intrinsic motivation

165
Q

What is it called when someone appears not to be motivated by anything?

A

amotivation

166
Q

Harold has done well in earning money and titles throughout his career, yet he isn’t truly happy with what he does. This may be due to the fact that Harold has focused too much on

A

extrinsic motivation

167
Q

Harold has done well in earning money and titles throughout his career, yet he isn’t truly happy with what he does. This may be due to the fact that Harold has focused too much on

A

extrinsic motivation

168
Q

Intrinsic motivation includes internalized motives such as meeting goals, fulfilling core values, and

A

maintaining self-esteem

169
Q

Jasmine is at the career services department. She has taken a personality questionnaire and is now talking with a counselor about her vocational interests. At this stage of her career search, Jasmine is likely trying to determine

A

vocational fit

170
Q

As part of the process of choosing a good career path for himself, Eric is taking a questionnaire that is designed to appraise eight different career paths. Eric is likely taking the

A

ORVIS

171
Q

The RIASEC measures how many career types?

A

6

172
Q

On what measure do the RAISEC and the ORVIS not overlap?

A

erudition

173
Q

On average, people with which Big Five personality trait tend to be the most satisfied at their job?

A

conscientiousness

174
Q

Which of the Big Five traits has the weakest correlation with job satisfaction?

A

Openness to experience

175
Q

Alex shows up for work on time each day and is accountable and responsible. This best exemplifies someone who measures high for which Big Five trait?

A

conscientiousness

176
Q

What is the difference between emergent and effective leadership?

A

Emergent leadership is the ability to become a leader in an organization; effective leadership is the ability to be a successful leader once you have the job.

177
Q

Slight image creation

A

a small amount of positive self-presentation during a job search

178
Q

Demi has her own companies with tight profit margins. To be productive, she must ensure that things run smoothly and that there’s not drama among her employees. They all need to be emotionally calm and stable. Demi is likely to seek people low in

A

neuroticism

179
Q

Katy just completed a job interview in which she lied on many of the questions in order to make herself look better. This is known as

A

extensive image creation

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