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studystudystudy > exam two review notes > Flashcards

exam two review notes Flashcards

1
Q

Approach Motivation

A

Anticipating rewards for success. (tend to perform better)
(Making the dean’s list) These people tend to be high in extraversion

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2
Q

Avoidance motivation

A

Worrying about the negative consequences of failure. (worry about failing)
These people tend to be high in neuroticism and have lower self-esteem
However, these people are very good at being air traffic controllers, or an accountant because catching errors is crucial

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3
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

A branch of psychology focused on the “whole” person, including free will, creativity, and human potential

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4
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (in order of importance)

A
  1. self-actualization
  2. self-esteem (confidence, achievement and the respect of others)
  3. Love and belonging (friendships, family, intimate relationships)
  4. Safety and security (health, employment, property and social stability)
  5. Basic physiological needs (food, water, shelter)
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5
Q

Self-actualization

A

the need to actualize or “make actual” your unique talents and abilities ; recognizing one’s potential

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6
Q

Extrinsic needs

A

financial success, popularity or fame, and image or physical attractiveness.
What society values like celebrities and other really good looking people ; money and power

example : I am a nurse for the money payout

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7
Q

instristic needs

A

personal growth, affiliation and community feeling.
These are the goals which we know that we “should” value such as helping other

example : I am a nurse to help and heal people.

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8
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

acceptable and love of someone’s whole self without conditions attached.

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9
Q

Carl Rogers philosophy

A

people can get closer to self-actualization when they experience unconditional positive regard. (acceptance and love of their whole selves without conditions)

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10
Q

Projective measures

A

indirect measures, in theory, people project their motives onto the characters in a picture

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11
Q

Power motive

A

wanting to have an impact on others

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12
Q

Achievement motive

A

wanting to accomplish things- usually on one’s own and without help

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13
Q

Affiliation motive

A

being motivated by one’s relationships with others.

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14
Q

Explicit motives

A

conscious motivations, usually measured by self-report.

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15
Q

is power, affiliation, and achievement motive explicit or implicit?

A

implicit, these are unconscious motivations

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16
Q

Self-determination theory

A

argues that there are three needs
1.autonomy
2.competence
3.relatedness
These needs overlap with Murray’s three primary implicit motives: Implicit motives: power (autonomy), achievement (competence) and affiliation (relatedness)

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17
Q

Positive psychology

A

an area of psychology focused on what can make our lives better and what might make us happier

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18
Q

peak experiences

A

times when people can transcend themsev les and feel one with the world

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19
Q

Flow state

A

the mental experience of the smooth passage of time when you are completely immersed in an activity in the present moment

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20
Q

Meaning in life

A

having a purpose and putting time and energy into attaining important goals. Meaning can also come from religion, personal relationships, behaving in a way consistent with your beliefs, or self-improvement

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21
Q

Behaviorism

A

a branch of psychology that focused on (relatively) simple explanations for outward behaviors and is unconcerned with the inner workings of the mind (cognition)

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22
Q

social learning

A

learning how to behave from watching other people’s behaivor
- Individual differences in personality are due to social
learning that occurs in the environment (including
culture, peers and family).

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23
Q

Operant conditioning

A

shaping behaivor through rewards and punishments

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24
Q

bx

A

behaivor

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25
Q

positive reinforcement

A

Adding a pleasant stimulus to reward a behavior

ex. giving a sticker (stimulus) to a kid every they wash their hands (behavior)

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26
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removal of unpleasant stimulus or avoiding of unpleasant stimulus to reward behavior

ex. waking up to avoid alarm clock sound

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27
Q

positive punishment

A

adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a misbehavior

ex. spraying a cat every time they pee in the carpet and not the litter box

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28
Q

negative punishment

A

removal of pleasant stimulus to decrease a misbehavior

ex. taking your daughter’s phone when they do not make their bed

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29
Q

Shaping

A

gradual training that rewards behavior progressively closer to the desired one.
This is learning by observing others

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30
Q

B.R Skinner philosophy

A

argued that positive reinforcement is more effective than punishment, because positive reinforcement focuses on what the person or animal is doing well instead of what he is not doing: Children who receive attention only when they act badly soon learn to act badly more often. But children who receive attention for positive things are eager to show their parents how well they can behave.

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31
Q

Continuous reinforcement schedule

A

always giving out a reward for good behavior

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32
Q

Reinforcement schedule

A

giving out rewards for good behavior at certain intervals

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33
Q

partial reinforcement

A

only sometimes giving out a reward for good behavior

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34
Q

fixed ratio reinforcement

A

giving out a reward after a certain number of times that the behavior was done
(rewarding a behavior after reading 3, 7, 5 pages)

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35
Q

Variable ratio reinforcement

A

giving out a reward after a random number of time that the behavior is done

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36
Q

Fixed interval reinforcement

A

giving out a reward in consistent times
( every day, every week, every 5 minutes)

37
Q

Variable interval reinforcement

A

giving out a reward after a random amount of time has passed

38
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

Albert Bandura’s theory that a person’s behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment

39
Q

Token economy

A

A program in which good behavior is rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges.

40
Q

Internal locus of control

A

believing that your actions have an effect on events.
What happens to you is under your control, they believe that hard work pays off

41
Q

External locus of control

A

believing that events are more a matter of luck and the arbitrary decisions of powerful people. (poor school and work performance, and depression)

42
Q

Learned helplessness

A

repeated exposure to unavoidable punishments leads to belief that nothing is under your control.

43
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

relearning a conditioned response

44
Q

Habituation

A

getting used to something in the environment and not responding as strongly anymore.

45
Q

Phobia

A

an intense fear or specific thing.

46
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

a treatment for phobias that attempts to reduce fear in many small steps by associating the feared thing with calmness

47
Q

Progressive relaxation

A

learning how to systematically relax your body so your mind calms.

48
Q

Flooding

A

confronting your worst fear head-on, all at once. (fixes the issues within hours)

49
Q

Longitudinal study

A

follows a group of people as they age.

The advantage is you’re comparing the same people at 20 and at 60. The disadvantage is it takes a very long time and is thus expensive and time-consuming.

50
Q

Cross sectional study

A

collects data at one time and compares people of different ages.

The downside is the younger people are different people than the older ones, so the younger people might differ from the older people in ways other than age.

51
Q

Temperament

A

Genetically based behavioral tendencies seen in young children

ex. fuzziness

52
Q

the big 5 and temperment?

A

Extraversion, conscientiousness, and neuroticism overlap the most with temperament—they are the easiest to describe and observe among children

53
Q

Rank-order consistency

A

comparing someone to the average person his or her age

54
Q

Mean-level changes

A

A population average in scores changes with age

55
Q

Quantum change

A

radical personality change

56
Q

Social Investment theory

A

the idea that personality matures as people enter important adult social roles such as establishing a career and starting a family.

57
Q

Maturation of personality

A

growth in traits consistent with being more mature and grown-up, such as a higher conscientiousness, higher agreeableness, and lower neuroticism. (the angelina jolie effect)

58
Q

emerging adulthood

A

new life stage between adolescence and adulthood

59
Q

Erikson’s life stages

A
  1. Trust vs mistrust (infancy) babies
  2. Autonomy vs guilt (preschool school) (2-4 years old, finding nemo)
  3. Initiative vs guilt (elementary school) (pre-school)
  4. Industry vs inferiority (elem/ middle school) (the incredibles race)
  5. Identity vs role (high school) (13-19 y.o) minions
  6. Intimacy vs isolation (early adulthood) (frozen when bf dies)
  7. Generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood) (toy story 3 going to college)
  8. Ego identity vs despair (old age)
60
Q

Sex

A

biological division of males and females based on chromosomes, genitals, and secondary sexual characterisitcs

61
Q

Gender

A

roles and behavior attributed to one gender or another such as cognitive abilities, sexual behavior, hair length, clothing and preferences for jobs

62
Q

Spatial ability

A

the ability to mentally rotate objects.

63
Q

Body expansiveness

A

taking up more space with your body

64
Q

Gender schemas

A

children process information about what is appropriate or typical for their gender, and then act that way

65
Q

Social norms

A

rules for behaivor within a society.

66
Q

culture

A

the customs, values and bx’s characteristics of a nation, an ethnic group, a class or a time period.

67
Q

Self-views and personality traits differ across cultures. Four primary factors:

A
  1. Geography
  2. race/ethnicity
  3. Socioeconomic status
  4. Generation
68
Q

WEIRD

A

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic

69
Q

Socioeconomic status

A

social class, usually measured by income level, job prestige, and/or education level

70
Q

Birth cohort

A

everyone born in one year

71
Q

Cultural products

A

the products of a culture such as song lyrics, tv shows, advertisements, and books used for studying culture at a broad level.

72
Q

Mutual constitution model

A

The reciprocal way in which an individual is shaped by the surrounding culture and at the same time shapes the culture with their behavior.

73
Q

Internal attribution

A

an explanation for bx that focuses on the individual choices and personality.

74
Q

External attribution

A

an explanation for bx focusing on the surrounding situation

75
Q

Self-enhancement

A

unrealistically positive views of the self and personal abilities

76
Q

Reference-group effect

A

when people compare themselves to other people they know when completing personality questionnaires. When completing a personality questionnaire, you compare yourself to people you know. Often, these are people from your own culture

77
Q

Perception of national character

A

asking people to describe the typical member of a culture.

78
Q

Vocational interests

A

the type of professions you are interested in

79
Q

Vocational fit

A

determining which profession fits your personality

80
Q

Perceived overqualification

A

believing you are overqualified for your job

81
Q

ORVIS tests for ?

A

Leadership, organization, altruism, creativity, analysis, production, adventure, and erudition

82
Q

RIASEC

A

The job types on the RIASEC (realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising and conventional )Developed by John Harland

83
Q

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)

A

doing positive things for the organization beyond a defined job

84
Q

Counterproductive workplace behavior (CWB)

A

unethical, illegal, or unwise workplace behaviors such as stealing and bullying

85
Q

emergent vs effective leadership

A

Someone who emerges in a position of leadership is not going to do as well as someone who is effective in that position of leadership

86
Q

who makes good bosses ?

A

The best bosses are often good listeners, nice people, high agreeableness.

87
Q

Slight imagine creation

A

a small amount of positive self-presentation during a job search

88
Q

Extensive image creation

A

a major amount of positive self-presentation during a job search

89
Q

Fake good

A

personality questionnaire responses putting the self in a positive light

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