Psychology/Sociology Chapter 7: Motivation, Attitude, and Personality

Question 1

Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Answer 1

refers to the range of tasks a learner can perform with the guidance and assistance of a more knowledgeable individual (e.g., a teacher or peer) but cannot yet accomplish independently, representing the potential for cognitive growth.

Question 2

Freudian psychic apparatus that is unconscious

Answer 2

all have unconscious aspects

Question 3

Elaboration likehood model of persuasion

Answer 3

a psychological theory developed by Richard E. Petty and John Cacioppo to explain how people process and respond to persuasive messages.

Question 4

Erikson Stage 1(infancy) 0-1

Answer 4

Question 5

Erikson Stage 2 (Early Childhood) 1-3

Answer 5

Question 6

Erikson Stage (Play age) 3-6

Answer 6

Question 7

Erikson Stage (School age) 6 -12

Answer 7

Question 8

Erikson Stage (Adolescence) - 12 - 20

Answer 8

Question 9

Erikson Stage: Early Adulthood 20 - 40

Answer 9

Question 10

Erikson Stage: Middle Age (40-65)

Answer 10

Question 11

Erikson Stage: old age 65 - death

Answer 11

Question 12

House money effect

Answer 12

individual risk-taking behavior is affected by prior gains and losses. They found that after a prior gain, people become more open to assuming risk because the new money is not treated as one’s own.

Question 13

Cooley’s Looking Glass Self

Answer 13

The looking-glass self is a theory developed by Charles Horton Cooley that describes how people develop their self-image based on how they think others see them

Question 14

Egocentric bias

Answer 14

tendency to overstress changes between the past and present in order to make oneself appear more worthy or competent than one actually is.

Question 15

attributional bias

Answer 15

is a cognitive bias that refers to the systematic errors made when people evaluate or try to find reasons for their own and others’ behaviors

Question 16

Framing bias

Answer 16

(or the framing effect) is one of many factors which affect a person’s decisions. Just like how a picture may be framed in many different ways to change the viewer’s impression, the way an option or decision is presented to a person will change how they feel about it and influence their likelihood to make a particular choice.

Question 17

Are inter neurons efferent or afferent?

Answer 17

NEITHER.

found entirely within the spinal cord, so it travels neither away (efferent) nor toward (afferent) the spinal cord.

Question 18

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 18

Fundamental attribution error is the tendency for people to overestimate dispositional influences of another person’s behavior (like saying the student is stupid or lazy) while underestimating situational influences (like the actual difficulty of the test).

Question 19

Embryonic development steps

Answer 19

Zygote
Morula
Blastula
Gastrula
Neurulation

Question 20

Morula

Answer 20

16 cell ball

Question 21

Blastocyst

Answer 21

fluid-filled sac in the middle

Question 22

Gastrula

Answer 22

3 germ layers present

Question 23

What is Internalization in Vygotsky’s Theory?

Answer 23

Internalization is the process of learning in which the values are embedded and become part of the individual’s moral behavior.

Question 24

Hawthorne effect

Answer 24

named after an observational study of workers in the Hawthorne factory, refers to the tendency for observational research participant behavior to change when they know they are being observed

Question 25

Thomas theorem

Answer 25

argues that individual beliefs have real consequences A classic example is the 1929 Stock Market Crash: 1. Investors started believing that stock prices would fall. 2. This belief led them to panic and sell their stocks. 3. The selling frenzy actually caused stock prices to drop dramatically. 4. The market crashed, reinforcing the original belief.

Question 26

Kolhberg's Moral Reasoning

Answer 26

Preconventional, conventional and postconventional

Question 27

involves being able to take another person’s perspective

Answer 27

Theory of mind

Question 28

Personality theory centered on the use of free will and achieving self-fulfillment

Answer 28

Humanistic perspective

Question 29

innate but not necessary for survival motives

Answer 29

stimulus motives stimulus motive is defined as a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity

Question 30

refers to the tendency to seek out (and agree with) information that is consistent with one’s self-concept.

Answer 30

Self-verification

Question 31

making situational attributions for personally experienced negative outcomes and dispositional ones for positive outcomes

Answer 31

the self-serving bias.

Question 32

External motivation vs extrinsic motivation

Answer 32

Extrinsic motivation refers to any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the behavior itself. External motivation is described as social pressure, which is an example of extrinsic motivation.

Question 33

refers to the gap between a person’s actual self and ideal self.

Answer 33

Incongruence

Question 34

occurs when positive impressions regarding a target person or an object affects how the target is judged in different domains (for instance, judging an attractive individual as being generous).

Answer 34

Halo effect