Psychology: Stress and Conditioning Flashcards

0
Q

stress

A

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening (distress) or challenging (estress)

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1
Q

health psychology

A

a subfield of psychology that focuses on how stress affect well-being and health

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2
Q

responding to stress

A
  • increased heart rate
  • dilated pupils
  • dulled sensation of pain
  • increased blood flow to major organs
  • flight or fight
  • stress hormone cortisol is secreted and attacks the immune system
  • increased body temperature
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3
Q

effects of stress on the immune system

A
  • biological cycles such as sleep, dietary and menstrual cycles may be altered
  • cortisol is the stress hormone that attacks the immune system
  • more prone to illness or not healing properly
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4
Q

Hangs Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome

A
  • the concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases- alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
  • alarm: stressor occurs, is identified and resources (hormones, energy) are mobilized to respond
  • resistance: when one copes with stressor and physiological systems of stress is felt, resistance can only take place for so long
  • exhaustion: immune system and energy system crashes
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5
Q

Types of Stressors

A

Daily Stressors: lost car keys, forgotten homework, project
Significant Life Changes: death of a loved one, lost job
Catastrophe: hurricanes, terror attacks, wars

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6
Q

Results of Daily Stress Burnout

A

Depression: emotional exhaustion
Decreased performance: physical exhaustion
Cynicism: mental exhaustion

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7
Q

Effects of Perceived Control

A
  • when people are optimistic and believe that they have control over situation tend have better state of health following it
  • when people are pessimistic and believe that they have no sense of control over the situation will haves worse state of health such as harsher ulcers and lower immunity
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8
Q

Type A

A

type a personalities anger-prone, aggressive, and competitive and more likely to experience heart disease

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9
Q

Type B

A

a term for easygoing, relaxed people who are less prone to illness

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10
Q

Stress in Relation to Cancer and Heart Disease

A

-stress does not cause cancer or heart disease but stress reactions affect the body’s ability to fight these illnesses

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11
Q

learning

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior cause by experience

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12
Q

classical conditioning

A

a type of learning in which a stimulus gains the power to cause a response

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13
Q

stimulus

A

anything in the environment that one can respond to

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14
Q

response

A

any behavior or action

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15
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that triggers a responses reflexively and automatically (presence of food)

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16
Q

unconditioned response

A

an automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus (salivation in response to presence of food)

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17
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

previously neutral stimulus that, through learning, gain the power to cause a response (sound of the bell)

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18
Q

neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that does not produces any response until it is associated with a previously unconditioned stimulus

19
Q

conditioned response

A

the response to the conditioned stimulus (salivation)

20
Q

Ivan Pavlov’s Dog Experiment

A
  • Pavlov was initially testing the effects of salivation on digestion
  • As the dog became familiar with the procedure he began salivating as the site of the researcher’s assistant or as they were being harnessed
  • Pavlov wanted to learn what other ways he could control the salivation of the dogs, so he preceded feeding time with the tuning of fork to begin acquisition
21
Q

Acquisition

A
  • the process of developing a learned response
  • acquisition occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus; repeated pairings are called trials
22
Q

Extinction

A

In classical conditioning, the diminishing of a learned response after repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone.

23
Q

Generalization

A

producing the same response to two similar stimuli

24
Q

discrimination

A

the ability to distinguish between two signals or stimuli and produce different responses

25
Q

Classical Conditioning and Behavior

A

John B. Watson believed that you could control a learner’s behavioral response by manipulating a stimulus in the environment. Used this contradict Freud’s psychodynamic theory and illustrated this point with his experiment with little Albert

26
Q

Classical Conditioning and Cognition

A

Robert Rescorla realized that certain aspects of classical conditioning situations could not be explained without referring to mental processes since it refers to whether calculating an event is predictable or not.

27
Q

operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior

28
Q

Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect states that behaviors with favorable consequences (reinforced behaviors) will occur more often and behaviors followed by less favorable consequences (punished behaviors) will occur less often

29
Q

Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement is any consequence that increases the future likelihood a behavior

30
Q

Punishment

A

Punishment is any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior

31
Q

positive reinforcement

A

Postive reinforcement is anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with a desirable event or state

32
Q

negative reinforcement

A

Negative reinforcement is anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with the removal of an undesirable event or state

33
Q

Immediate versus Delayed Reinforcement

A

Immediate reinforcement is more effective than delayed reinforcements because of one’s overall desire for instant gratification

34
Q

Primary versus Secondary Reinforcement

A

Primary reinforcement is something that is naturally reinforcing such as food, warmth and water.
Secondary reinforcement is something that you have learned to value, like money.

35
Q

shaping

A

Reinforcement of behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired one; the operant technique used to establish new behaviors.

36
Q

Discrimination vs. Extinction

A

Discrimination is the ability to distinguish between similar signals or stimuli and produce different responses.
Extinction, in operant conditioning, the loss of a behavior when no consequence follows it.

37
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement in which a reward follows every correct response.

38
Q

Partial Reinforcement

A

In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement in which a reward follows only some correct responses. There are four types of of operant conditioning):

  1. Fixed Interval Schedule
  2. Variable Interval Schedule
  3. Fixed Ratio Schedule
  4. Variable Ratio Schedule
39
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

In operant conditioning, a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards only the first correct response after some defined period

40
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

In operant conditioning, a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards that first correct response after an unpredictable amount of time.

41
Q

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

A

In operant conditioning, a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards a response only after some defined number of correct response

42
Q

Variable-Ratio Schedule

A

In operant conditioning, a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards an unpredictable number of correct responses.

43
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until the learner has an incentive to demonstrate it.

44
Q

Cognitive Map

A

The mental representation of a place

45
Q

Over-justification Effect

A

The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do; the reward may lessen and replace the person’s original, natural motivation so that the behavior stops if the reward is eliminated.