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Choate Intro to Psychology > Psychology: Neuroscience and Child Development > Flashcards

Psychology: Neuroscience and Child Development Flashcards

0
Q

medulla

A

part of the brainstem; it is also responsible for heartbeat, breathing, swallowing etc

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1
Q

Brainstem

A

part of the brain responsible for automatic survival functions (breathing, heartbeat)

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2
Q

reticular formation

A

controls wakefulness and arousal

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3
Q

thalamus

A

brain’s sensory switchboard, directs message to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex

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4
Q

cerebellum

A

helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance

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5
Q

limbic system

A

ring of structures that regulates important functions such as memory, fear, aggression, hunger, thirst
the limbic system includes within it the hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala

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6
Q

hypothalamus

A

below the thalamus that helps regulate hemostatic functions such as hunger, thirst, body temperature
also responsible for the fight or flight mechanism, emotion, pleasure and sexual functions

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7
Q

hippocampus

A

processes and stores memories

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8
Q

amygdala

A

controls emotional responses such as fear and anger

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9
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects the two brain hemispheres and allows the to communicate with one another

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10
Q

frontal lobes

A

responsible for advanced cognitive abilities such as judgement and planning (contains Broca’s area) and some motor movement

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11
Q

parietal lobes

A

includes the somatosensory cortex and general association areas used for processing information

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12
Q

occipital lobes

A

visual processing areas of the brain

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13
Q

temporal lobes

A

auditory processing center

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14
Q

motor cortex

A

control voluntary movement; component of the frontal lobe

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15
Q

somatosensory cotex

A

registers and processing body sensations; component of the parietal lobe

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16
Q

Broca’s area

A

directs muscle movements involved in speech (left frontal lobe)

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17
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

part of brain involved language comprehension (left temporal lobe)

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18
Q

case study

A

a research technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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19
Q

Phineas Gage

A

a railroad worker in 1848 who obtained a traumatic injury to his frontal lobe; the personality changes that resulted allowed us to understand that the frontal lobe heavily influences personality and judgement

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20
Q

computerized axial tomography (CAT scan or CT scan)

A

a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by the computer into a composite representation of a slice through of the body; basically this allows us to see the structure of the brain

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21
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among soft types of tissue; this allows us to see the structures within the brain

22
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity a that sweep across the brain’s surface; these waves, measured by electrodes places on the scalp are helpful in evaluating brain function

23
Q

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

A

a visual display of brain activity

24
Q

The Main Functions of the Right Hemisphere

A

responsible for spatial abilities (such as organizing items within a given space); also allows us to establish connections between words

25
Q

The Main Functions of the Left Hemisphere

A

the speech center of the brain

26
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg; a zygote remains a zygote during the first two weeks where the cell begins to divide and the resulting cells start to differentiate

27
Q

embryo

A

the baby is now called an embryo from two weeks to 8 weeks where one can detect a heartbeat, red blood cells are produced by the baby’s own liver as the major organs begin to form

28
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

physical and cognitive abnormalities that appear in children whose mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol while pregnant; abnormalities include misproportioned head and facial features and struggling cognitive skills that can take place well into adulthood

29
Q

maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior; experience does not influence maturation but it is purely effected by genetic predisposition; experience does influence development such a reading and social skills however

30
Q

brain development

A

at birth we do not have the neural pathways that allow us to memorize events and move the way that we do now.

31
Q

schemas

A

concepts or metal frameworks that organize and interpret information

32
Q

assimiliation

A

interpreting your new experiences in terms of your existing schemas

33
Q

accommodation

A

adapting your current schemas to incorporate new information

34
Q

Sensorimotor Stage of Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

A

takes place from birth to two years; characterized by experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing, and grasping); object permanence is a key development that takes places during this stage

35
Q

Preoperational Stage of Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

A

takes place from two years to six or seven; characterized representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning; key developmental events pretend play, egocentrism, and language development

36
Q

Concrete Operational of Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

A

takes place from 6 or 7 to 11 years; marked by thinking logically about concrete events, grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations; developmental events are marked by understanding of conservation and mathematics operations

37
Q

Formal Operational of Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

A

from 12 years through adulthood; marked by abstract reasoning and potential for mature moral reasoning

38
Q

Critiques of Piaget’s Assessments

A
  • does not take into account culture
  • puberty is not taken account for (between 12 y.o. and adulthood)
  • often underestimated a child’s cognitive capacities resulting in distorted age ranges
39
Q

attachment

A

the emotional tie with another person shown by seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress upon separation

40
Q

stranger anxiety

A

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

41
Q

Components of Attachment: Body Contact

A

being held and comforted by a caregiver has been shown to be more effective in forming attachment than simply be nourished by a caregiver (Harlow’s experiment with baby monkey’

42
Q

Components of Attachment: Familiarity

A

familiarity to overcome stranger anxiety and foster contentment

43
Q

Reponsiveness

A

responsiveness- parents are aware of what their child is doing and respond accordingly

44
Q

secure attachment

A

children explore their environment when the caregiver is present; upon departure they become distressed and run to the caregiver union reunion

45
Q

insecure attachment

A

are often clingy to the parent when present; when the caregiver leaves they cry or show indifference to the caregiver’s departure and return

46
Q

insecure ambivalent attachment

A

child shows no sign of emotion (distress or contentment)

47
Q

insecure avoidant attachment

A

child removes his or herself from the presence of the caregiver (but does not show emotion)

48
Q

disorganized insecure attachment

A

the child is sometimes ambivalent or sometime avoidant

49
Q

authoritative parenting

A

a style of parenting marked by making demands on the child, being responsive, setting and enforcing rules, and discussing the reasons behind the rules

50
Q

authoritarian parenting

A

a style of parenting marked by imposing rules and expecting obedience

51
Q

permissive parenting

A

a style of parenting marked by by submitting to children’s desires, making few demands, and using little punishment

52
Q

indifferent parenting

A

style of parenting where the is passiveness between both parties, little warmth, communication and expectations are present

53
Q

pons

A

responsible for sleep and muscle control

Choate Intro to Psychology (11 decks)

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