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From Flashcardlet > PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 4 CHAPTER 13- Stress And Health > Flashcards

PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 4 CHAPTER 13- Stress And Health Flashcards

0
Q

❓❓❓what is a stressor?

A

-any person, situation, or event that produces stress

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1
Q

❓❓❓define stress

A

-a state of physiological and psychological arousal produced by internal and external stressors that are perceived by the individual as challenging or exceeding their ability or resources to cope

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2
Q

❓❓❓define a stress response

A

-a reaction that involved the physiological and psychological changes people experience when confronted by a stressor

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3
Q

❓❓❓name and describe the three levels of stress responses

A

MILD
-stimulating, motivating, challenging, can be desirable

ACUTE
-produces a high level of arousal for a short time

CHRONIC
-produces an increased arousal level that persists over a relatively long time

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4
Q

❓❓❓define the Fight-Flight Response

A

-an involuntary reaction resulting in a state of physiological readiness to deal with a sudden and immediate threat by either confronting it (fight) or running away to safety

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5
Q

❓❓❓explain the Activation of the HPA Axis

A

-a chain of reactions in the physiological response to stress involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex

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6
Q

❓❓❓distinguish between eustress and distress

A

EUSTRESS

  • a positive psychological response to a stressor, as indicated by the presence of positive psychological states
    (e. g. feeling enthusiastic and motivated, excited, active, and alert)

DISTRESS

  • a negative psychological response to a stressor as indicated by negative psychological states
    (e. g. anger, anxiety, tension, nervousness, irritability)
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7
Q

❓❓❓Selye noted that the human body doesn’t recognise the distinction between eustress and distress because…

A

-the same physiological changes occur, and psychological factors determine if the situation is eustressful of distressful

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8
Q

☀️☀️☀️PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS TO STRESS

A
  • if physiological arousal is high and continued, it is harmful to physical health
  • physiological wear and tear on the body can occur
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9
Q

❓❓❓define emotional changes (psychological responses to stress)

A
  • influence how a person feels

e. g. feeling a sense of helplessness, feeling trapped in a situation from which they feel there is not escape

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10
Q

❓❓❓define cognitive changes (psychological responses to stress)

A
  • influence a person’s mental abilities, such as perceptions of their circumstances and environment, their ability to learn, and how they think
    e. g. difficulty concentrating maintaining attention, making decisions and thinking clearly, more forgetful
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11
Q

❓❓❓define behavioural changes (psychological responses to stress)

A
  • apparent in how a person looks, talks, acts, etc

e. g. strained facial expressions, shaky voice, hand tremors, muscle spasms

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12
Q

☀️☀️☀️PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF THE STRESS RESPONSE

A

Factors that cause or influence the human stress response include:

  • prior experiences with the stressor and stress
  • attitudes
  • motivation
  • level of self esteem
  • general outlook on life (e.g. optimism/pessimism)
  • personality characteristics
  • perceptions of how much control we have over a stressful situation or event m
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13
Q

❓❓❓what does Lazarus and Folkman’s Transactional Model of Stress and Coping propose?

A

-it proposes that stress involves an encounter between an individual and their external environment, and that a stress response depends upon the individual’s interpretation of the stressor and their ability to cope with it

☀️☀️☀️
Emphasised the importance of psychological processes involved in dealing with a stressful situation

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14
Q

❓❓❓name the three types of appraisal (Lazarus and Folkman)

A
  • primary appraisal
  • secondary appraisal
  • reappraisal
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15
Q

❓❓❓define primary appraisal (Lazarus and Folkman)

A

-when we evaluate the significance of the situation, and determine whether the situation is irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

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16
Q

❓❓❓what happens if a situation is primarily appraised as being stressful? (Lazarus and Folkman)

A

-we engage in an additional appraisal where think about the harm/loss, threat, or challenge

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17
Q

❓❓❓explain harm/loss (Lazarus and Folkman)

A

-involves an assessment of how much damage has already occurred (e.g. “I have lost my job”)

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18
Q

❓❓❓explain threat (Lazarus and Folkman)

A
  • involves an assessment of the harm or loss that may not have yet occurred but could occur in the future
    (e. g. “I might not be able to afford the rent”)
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19
Q

❓❓❓explain challenge (Lazarus and Folkman)

A
  • involves an assessment of the potential for gain/growth from the situation
    (e. g. “I’ll get any other job I can and will learn to budget and save some money)
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20
Q

❓❓❓what happens after we evaluate the harm/loss, threat and challenge?

A

-we move on to secondary appraisal

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21
Q

❓❓❓define secondary appraisal (Lazarus and Folkman)

A
  • we evaluate our coping options and resources and our options for dealing with the stressful situation
    (e. g. “What, if anything, can be done about this?”)
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22
Q

❓❓❓when does reappraisal happen? What is it and what does it involve? (Lazarus and Folkman)

A
  • happens after secondary appraisal
  • we determine the extent to which additional resources are needed to cope with the situation

Involves:

  • reappraising the situation while taking account of the coping resources that are available
  • reappraising the coping resources while taking account of the reappraised threat
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23
Q

❓❓❓during secondary appraisal, what happens if the coping resources are perceived as being far greater than the resources? (Lazarus and Folkman)🔨🔨🔨🔨🔨

A

-there is a stress response 🔨🔨🔨🔨🔨

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24
Q

❓❓❓during secondary appraisal, what happens if the coping resources are perceived as being fewer than the demands of the environment? (Lazarus and Folkman)

A

-

25
Q

❓❓❓define coping (Lazarus and Folkman)

A

-the process of ‘constantly changing cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage specific internal and/or external stressors that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of that person

26
Q

❓❓❓name two types of coping (Lazarus and Folkman)

A

= Problem-focused coping

= Emotion-focused coping

27
Q

❓❓❓define problem-focused coping (Lazarus and Folkman)

A

-involves efforts to manage or change the cause or course of the stress (i.e the stressor)

28
Q

❓❓❓give five examples of problem-focused coping (Lazarus and Folkman)

A
  • change cause of stress
  • change sources of stress
  • generate alternative ways of dealing with the stress
  • reappraising the situation by examine it from new perspectives
  • obtaining new information a bout the stressor by talking to someone who could help
  • focusing on changing only what is changeable
29
Q

❓❓❓define emotion-focused coping (Lazarus and Folkman)

A

-involves efforts to deal with our emotional response to the stressor, and involves strategies that are directed towards decreasing the emotional component of a stress response

☀️☀️☀️
Tends to be used when we feel that we have little or no control over a situation and therefore can’t do anything to chance the circumstances

30
Q

❓❓❓give five examples of emotion-focused coping (Lazarus and Folkman)

A
  • wishful thinking
  • acceptance (“I accept that this is happening and that I can’t change it”)
  • seeking emotional support
  • denial (“I’m not stressed”)
  • avoiding (“I’m not entering the public speaking competition”)
  • distancing (“I don’t let it get to me”)
  • minimising (“it’s not that bad”)
  • venting emotions (“I feel angry”)
31
Q

❓❓❓give two strengths and two limitations in regards to Lazarus and Folkman’s Transactional Model of Stress and Coping

A

STRENGTHS

  • focuses on psychological determinants of the stress response over which we do have control and emphasises the personal nature and individuality of the stress response
  • views stress again loving an interaction with the environment in which the individual has an active rather than passive role

LIMITATIONS
-difficult to test through experimental research because it is subjective

32
Q

❓❓❓when does the Fight-Flight response respond?

A

-when there is an immediate threat to your wellbeing

33
Q

❓❓❓name three changes in the body due to the Fight-Flight response

A
  • dilated pupils
  • bronchioles in lungs expand
  • breathing rate increases
  • blood pressure increases
  • heart rate increases
  • bladder relaxes
  • salivation decreases
34
Q

❓❓❓when does the Fight-Flight response occur?

A

-immediately

35
Q

❓❓❓what two hormones are involved in the Fight-Flight response?

A
  • adrenaline

- noradrenaline

36
Q

❓❓❓when does the HPA axis occur?

A

-when a threat or stressor is not removed or we need to deal with it over time

37
Q

❓❓❓what change in the body occurs when the HPA axis is active?

A

-increased blood sugar

38
Q

❓❓❓when does the Fight-Flight response occur?

A

-after a few minutes

39
Q

❓❓❓what hormone is involved when the HPA axis is active?

A

-cortisol

40
Q

❓❓❓explain the social factors which influence the stress response

A

-includes changes in our role in society or anything that changes social groups and interaction

41
Q

❓❓❓what is Social Readjustment?

A

-refers to the amount of change in lifestyle a person is forced to make following a specific event in their life

42
Q

❓❓❓explain cultural factors which influence the stress response

A

-includes changes in cultural systems, the need to adapt to a new culture, or when one culture meets another

43
Q

❓❓❓what is acculturative stress?

A

-the stress people experience in trying to adapt to a new culture

44
Q

❓❓❓explain environmental factors which influence the stress response

A

-includes crowding, air pollution, extremes of temperature, natural disasters etc

45
Q

❓❓❓define Allostasis

A

-the body’s ability to maintain a stable physiological environment by changing to meet internal and external demands
E.g. HPA axis, heart rate, stress response, immune system

46
Q

❓❓❓define homeostasis

A

-the body’s ability to maintain a stable psychological environment by keeping certain bodily conditions constant
E.g. Body temperature, blood oxygen level

47
Q

☀️☀️☀️COMPARISON OF ALLOSTASIS AND HOMEOSTASIS

A
  • homeostasis achieves stability by staying the same, whereas Allostasis achieves bodily stability through changing
  • in homeostasis the body must remain in set limits for healthy functioning whereas in allostasis the body must change and fluctuate to function at a healthy level
  • in homeostasis there is a limited number of internal bodily conditions affected whereas in allostasis bodily systems that have a wide range of functioning are affected
48
Q

❓❓❓define allostatic load

A

-the cumulative negative effects of the wear and tear that the body and the brain experience due to repeated cycles of allostatic change

☀️☀️☀

  • ️can result in long term change to the body
  • explains how prolonged stress can influence the onset of physical disorders
49
Q

❓❓❓when does allostatic load occur?

A

-when the systems involved in allostasis are activated for a long period of time and there is an overexposure to stress hormones

50
Q

❓❓❓name five strategies for coping with stress

A
  • biofeedback
  • mediation
  • relaxation
  • physical exercise
  • social support
51
Q

❓❓❓what is biofeedback?

A

-a technique that enclaves an individual to relieve information about the state of a bodily process and with training a person can learn to control related physiological responses using thought processes

52
Q

❓❓❓name one limitation of biofeedback

A

-its effects don’t always last after the person leave the setting I which they learnt and used biofeedback because they no longer have access to the device

53
Q

☀️☀️☀️BIOFEEDBACK

A
  • a person undergoes biofeedback training, where they use operant conditioning techniques to change levels of physiological processes by altering thoughts, emotions and behaviour
  • useful in helping people learn to control physiological responses to stressors and relive stress induced problems such as headaches
54
Q

❓❓❓define meditation

A

-an intentional attempt to bring about a deeply relaxed state in order to reduce one or more effects of stress-related symptoms

heightens self awareness

55
Q

❓❓❓define relaxation

A

-any activity that brings about a state of reduced psychological and/or physiological tension

56
Q

❓❓❓what are some effects of both mediation a and relaxation?

A

-calm feeling, low level of anxiety, low level of physiological arousal

57
Q

❓❓❓define physical exercise

A

-an activity that requires exertion with the purpose of improving fitness and health

58
Q

❓❓❓what are three ways that physical exercise helps reduce stress?

A
  • uses up excess stress hormone (cortisol) in the blood system
  • releases chemicals that room use pain relief and euphoria
  • removes the person from the stress inducing situation
59
Q

❓❓❓define social support

A

-the network of family, friends, neighbours and community members that are available during difficult times to provide emotional, physical and financial assistance

(Protective factor in maintains physical and mental health and coping)

From Flashcardlet (22 decks)

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