Psychopathology 1 Flashcards
(36 cards)
A01 for cognitive approach to treating depression Becks cognitive therapy
•Becks cognitive therapy- aim to identify negative thoughts (negative triad) and challenge them
•test reality of negative beliefs, set homework to record nice events
•client as scientist as investigating reality of own beliefs
•in future homework is used as evidence to prove statements are incorrect
Cognitive behavioural therapy A01
•cognitive element: assessment where therapist and client work together to clarify the clients problems (where irrational and negative thoughts are), identify goals and plan to achieve them
•behavioural element: CBT then involves working to change negative and irrational thoughts and put more effective behaviour into place
A01 for REBT
•Ellis’s REBT- ABC + D(dispute) and E(effect) aims to identify and challenge irrational beliefs through empirical arguments.
•utopianism (unlucky) is challenged in vigorous argument to change irrational beliefs and break link of negative events and depression
•empirical, logical arguments
Behavioural activation A01
•depressed individuals increasingly avoid difficult situations, become isolated which maintains or worsen symptoms
•behavioural activation- encouraging the depressed person to engage in enjoyable activities to decrease avoidance and isolation
A03 for cognitive treatment to depression (limitations)
•suitability for diverse clients, lack effectiveness for severe cases or learning disabilities, no motivation to engage in CBT, Sturmey says not suitable for learning disabilities, appropriate for specific range of people with depression
•high relapse rates, Ali suggests 42% of clients relapse within 6 months and 53% within a year, may need to be repeated periodically
A03 for cognitive treatments of depression (strengths)
•evidence for effectiveness, March compared drugs to CBT, 327 depressed teens, same effectiveness (80%) and more when used together, cost effective 6-12 sessions, first choice of therapy
Statistical infrequency A01 and A03
•individual has less common characteristics e.g IQ not in the normal distribution (100) 86% are in range but 2% have below 70 = intellectual disability disorder
•usefulness, used in clinical practice as diagnostic and severity tool, Becks depression inventory 30+ is severe
•unusual characteristics can be positive, end of spectrum eg. high IQ or low depression doesn’t mean abnormal so can’t be sole basis for defining abnormality
*benefits vs problems
Deviation from social norms A01 and A03
•behaviour different from accepted standards in society eg. antisocial personality disorder (failure to follow laws), norms specific to culture we live in-collective judgement as a society eg homosexuality
•real world application, usefulness, clinical practice to define characteristics of antisocial personality disorder eg recklessness , has value in psychiatry
•cultural and situation relativism, cultures may label each other as abnormal, eg hearing voices difficult to judge deviation from social norms across cultures
*human rights abuses
Failure to function adequately A01 and A03
•someone is unable to cope with ordinary demands of day to day living Rosenham and Seligman show signs of no longer conforming to interpersonal rules, severe personal distress and irrational and dangerous to themselves behaviour eg. intellectual disability disorder must FtFA before diagnosis
•represents a sensible threshold for when people need professional help,
25% of uk ppl experience mental health problems but some fairly severe symptoms, seek help when FtFA, treatment can be target to those most in need
•discrimination and social control, label non-standard lifestyle choices as abnormal ppl may favour high risk activity, eg spiritualist- communicating with the dead, ppl with unusual choices are at risk of being abnormal
*Grief
Deviation from ideal mental health A01 and A03
• think about what makes people normal, picture of how psychologically healthy should be: don’t meet Jahodas set of criteria for mental health eg self actualisation, good self-esteem and lack guilt, cope with stress, can successfully work, love and enjoy leisure, rational, no distress, realistic view of the world
•comprehensive, distinguishes mental health from disorders, covers reasons we might seek help, checklist to assess our selfs and discuss issues with professionals
•culture-bond, criteria mainly for uk and usa-western, self indulgent, difficult to apply concept across cultures
* extremely high standards
behavioural characteristics of OCD
•compulsions are repetitive: feel compelled to repeat behaviour
•compulsions reduce anxiety: form of managing anxiety
•avoidance : keeping away from situations that trigger it
emotional characteristics of OCD
•anxiety and distress: unpleasant emotions
•accompanying depression
•guilt and disgust : negative emotions
cognitive characteristics of OCD
•obsessive thoughts : thoughts that reoccur
•cognitive coping strategies : to deal with obsessions
•insight into excessive anxiety : aware that their compulsions are not rational
behavioural approach to explaining phobias
•two process model by Mowrer
•phobias are acquired by classical conditioning, Watson and rayner created phobia in 9m baby, Little albert with an iron bar and rat, displayed distress with fury things
•phobias are maintained by operant conditioning as person avoids phobic stimulus to escape fear and anxiety, reduction in fear=phobia maintained
AO3 two process model
•exposure therapies, avoidant behaviour prevented =phobia stops as phobia is avoidant, value as can b treated
•evidence for link of bad experiences and phobias, Ad de Jongh 73% traumatic experience and phobia of dentist, 21% control
•no cognitive aspect, irrational beliefs so explains phobias but not phobic cognitions, not completely explain symptoms of phobia
Behavioural approach to treating phobias A01
• systematic desensitisation: 1. anxiety hierarchy 2.relaxation(reciprocal inhibition) 3.exposure
•flooding, immediate exposure, stops phobic responses, extinction(CS without UC so no CR), client give fully informed consent
Systematic desensitisation A03
•effective, Gilroy found followed 42 ppl spider phobia less fearfull with SD than control with no exposure, helpful
•compatible w/ learning disabilities, they struggle with cognitive therapies, confused and distressed by flooding most appropriate for them
flooding A03
•cost effective, clinically effective and not expensive, works in 1 session vs 10 SD, longer sessions still more cost-effective, more ppl can be treated at same cost
• traumatic, unpleasant situation, Schumacher: more stressful than SD, ethical issue but have consent, attrition rates are higher, therapists may avoid
A01 explaining depression Becks negative triad
•faulty info processing; black&white thinking
•negative self schema: negative package of info/ interpretations about themselves, mental framework
•negative triad: dysfunctional view of themselves bc of negative view about world self and future
Ellis’s ABC model A01
•irrational: interfere with us being happy and free from pain
•Activating event, irrational beliefs triggered by external event
•Beliefs, Musturbation (always succeed) Utopianism (life is always meant to be fair)
•Consequence,
Becks negative triad A03
•Supporting research, cognitive vulnerability more common in depressed: beck and clark, Cohen predicted depression, association
•real world application, screening and treatment, Cohen found assessing cognitive vulnerability identifies most at risk of developing depression and monitor, applied in CBT, useful in more than 1 aspect of clinical practise
Ellis’s ABC A03
•real world application, psychological treatment of depression, REBT, vigorously arguing with client alters irrational belief, real world value
•only explains reactive not endogenous depression, cases not traceable to life events, can’t explain, partial explanation
Biological approach to explaining OCD: Genetic approach A01
•Diathesis-stress model
•candidate genes, regulating serotonin e.g. gene 5HT1-D beta
•OCD is polygenic, caused by combination of genetic variations (230 diff genes;taylor) associated with dopamine&serotonin
•different types of OCD, groups of genes varies from person to person
Biological approach to explaining OCD: Neural explanations A01
•the role of serotonin, serotonin regulates mood, low level=low moods, OCD is a reduction in serotonin
•decision-making systems, impaired decision making=abnormal functioning of lateral of frontal lobes (behind forehead) of brain, responsible for logical thinking, left parahippocampal gyrus= processes unpleasant emotions (function abnormally with OCD)
