PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
are children or adults more likely to have psychopathology
A
children
2
Q
hauora - te whare tapa wha
A
a maori lens of health that explores various aspects of wellbeing, that allows pathopsychology to prioritise maori and their wellbeing
4 walls
1. taha hinengaro - emotional
2. taha tinana - physical
3. taha wairu - spiritual
4. taha whanau - social
3
Q
are treatments of psychopathology always effective
A
only in some settings
4
Q
% of people in NZ that meet the media for a mental disorder and those that was in the last 6 months
A
40%
60%
5
Q
Te Rau Hinengaro: The NZ mental health survey
A
aim - understand the prevalence of mental health disorders, barriers of its healthcare use and in it many cultures
findings - around 13000 people 16+ were interviewed, maori+pacific people were over-sampled, and the three most common disorders were
- anxiety
- mood
- substance use
maori and pacific are less likely to have access to treatment services
6
Q
what is psychopathology
A
refers to the study of psychological disorders
7
Q
what are the fives things that help define disorders
A
- infrequency
- deviance
- distress
- disability
- danger
8
Q
infrequency
A
how often it occurs
9
Q
deviance
A
behaviours that are not considered typical
- these often differ between cultures
10
Q
distress
A
- the suffering experience
- it can be experienced by self and/or others
11
Q
disability
A
the degrees of the impairment experienced
- this differs by individual
12
Q
danger
A
degree of risk
- to self
- to others
- from others
- to property
13
Q
how do we classify disorders and what it gives us
A
book called DSM-5-TR that is regularly updates
gives us -
a common language
supports evidence
keeps up to date as research grows
14
Q
Anxiety
A
- one of the most common disorders
- future focused and is an anticipated threat
not infrequent
but associates with distress, disability, danger
- thoughts, worries, avoidance, sweating
15
Q
Fear or Panic
A
- present focused
- immediate threat
- autonomic
16
Q
Te Rau Hinengaro
A
25-29% of adults will meet the criteria for one disorder at some point in their life
17
Q
who can receive therapy
A
- individuals
- couples
- family
- groups
- communities
Give people, skills and knowledge, so that they no longer need help as they know what skills they need to undergo
18
Q
biomedical vs psychological approach
A
Psychologists vs therapists
disease vs thought and behaviour
changing physical functioning vs changing how we things, feel and our behaviours
medication and surgery vs therapy
19
Q
psychodynamic approach
A
not the most common anymore, but parts of it are
aim: for clients to achieve insight and how these affect their process, strong focus on the past
20
Q
behavioural approach
A
clients to identify the behaviours that the cause of their disorder
- a focus on reinforcement rather than a punishment
- exposure therapy
21
Q
cognitive approach
A
idea that clients and address maladaptive thoughts, beliefs and assumptions made (negative beliefs about ourselves)
eg. do people really hate you or not really
22
Q
third way cognitive therapy
A
mindfulness (having a thought then letting it go)
23
Q
which treatment is the best
A
combined treatment
24
Q
which is common treatment for anxiety and depression
A
CBT
25
personality disorders
persistent set of behaviours across multiple setting
- sort of a view you have through life in every setting eg. you may see the world as scary in every settings
early experiences change the way you think about the world, which makes this stable over time
develops in childhood from experiences so its not actually there fault
- difficult in social interactions
- intense or reduced reactions
- inflexible thinking patterns
26
three clusters of personality disorders
cluster A B C
A - odd or eccentric
B - Dramatic
C - Anxious
27
is you have a disorder you have a ___% chance of having another one
50%
28
there are around 10 criteria per disorder but
you only need to have a few to have the disorder, so different people act different with the personaility
29
causes of personality disorders
- little genetics
- childhood experiences
- individual temperament (right up bringing for that child)
30
treatment for personality disorders
if on the boarder
otherwise no but have evidence based protocols (eg therapy)
31
difficulties or treating personality disorders
- takes longer
- therapy is difficult
- poor research base
- high levels of stigma
32
psychosis
- focus on your perception of reality
- difficulties in distinguishing what is real and what is not
- high levels of distress
- mainly is young adults as this is when most do experience with drugs
- relatively common
- can be caused by psych disorders, major stress, drug use
33
schizophrenia
you need 2 or more of
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganised speech
- catatonia (won't interact, they just sit there
- negative symtoms
34
causes of schizophrenia
- brain disorders
- brith month
- pregnancy or birth complications
35
schizophrenia treatment
- anti-psychotic
- CBT
36
clusters of symptoms
postive/negative/disorganised symptoms
37
psychosis care in NZ
early interventions teams
- wrap around (work as a team)
- 3 years of care
there are barriers preventing people from care
38
bipolar 1 VS bipolar 2
bipolar one is when they have extreme periods of an elevated mood (manic) , and then depression and normal mood at some points
bipolar 2 is people that have an increase elevation mood but not to the same level (hypomanic) as bipolar 1
39
bipolar disorder
bipolar one and two
rapid cycling associated with the worse outcomes - the amount of time between each episode (being manic, normal or depressed) is short
40
major depressive disorder - MMD
this is when you don't have the high manic/normal episodes
they must have one of low mood, loss of interests, loss of pleasure
it can look different for every person for example then they often, lose/gain weight, sleep lots or not at all, thoughts of self harm etc
41
MMD causes
combination of factors
- genetics
- environment (social or psych)
42
cognitive theories + beck's theory
how our thoughts and feelings and physical behaviours interacts with one another
beck's theory that these feelings are about
our negative through and beliefs are normally about often about so if we stop these depression will decrease
- self
- world
- future
43
cognitive disorders
many different ones
when people grab onto an same idea and then make it a big issue
44
cognitive therapy
focusing and addressing thought
- automatic
- addressing attitudes, thinking styles
- changing schemas
has good evidence
45
CBT and culture
therapy technique that Benett used for CBT depression
- focuses on individual needs, so if value community you may struggle to put yourself first
- so adapted this theory to work for maori and pacific to help to focus on
- world view
- around family
- self - disclosure
- fostering therapeutic relationship (therapist sharing things which normally you don't do)
- metaphors using them to to see things
46
type of cognitive therapy - commitment and acceptance therapy
noticing thoughts that come in and not attaching to them
with the thoughts you think if it aligns with your values
47
antidepressants
some people like them some don't
- some evidence shows that it is good
- but can have some side effects
48
go over what each delusion is - summary of them at the start of lecture 33
49
intrusive thoughts
- very common, yet they have distressing content
- in terms of OCD they thoughts are accompanied by compulsions
50
Te Pa Harakeke
flax model
shows child sprouting from the top and then parents and grandparents who protect the new part of the plant and then the child will be protected so that the plant can survive and then then as they go into the ground they then provide the nutrients
51
neurodevelopment disorders
are present during childhood, so can be normal then
- can be diagnosed/issue in adulthood too
key features
- during developmental period
- genetic/biological cause
- occur across a lifespan
eg.
- intellectual disability
learning disorders
ADHD
52
behavioural disruptive disorders
- oppositional defiant disorder is when the children don't obey to any authority above them
- conduct disorder - do abnormal things
- tends to be externalising disorders where you can see the behaviour of the child so environmental factors are important
53
maladaptive coping strategies
that young kids will engage in
- risk of comorbidities
- difficulty with substances
- danger to physical-health
- disability
54
risk of comorbidities
when a child has a disorder that isn't being supported which can lead to them having more disorders
55
black and white thinking - depression
this is when you think something is either black or white nothing in between
eg. you are either a bad sister or a good sister no in-between
56
catastrophising - depression
when you think you are in the worse situation and exaggerate the situation you are in - this is when you take a small thought and make it into a big negative deal
57
treatment to behavioural disruptive disorders
- psycho-education
- developing skills with the whole family/school
- supportive services
- medication
58
child adaptions to CBT
1. standing off skateboard
get the children to say why they feel off, and what they are thinking and then what is happening at home which are the footpath
2. in waka with others rowing, and what will happen if someone doesn't paddle etc
59
NZ CBT access and why and %
- is hard to access in NZ
1/3 of children have been referred to services
50% of parents report barriers due to cost and waitlist
60
why might young people use substances
- anxiety and depression
- stress
- developmentally normal
61
substance use criteria - many adults (5)
- tolerance (get used to the drunk)
- withdrawal
- people spend a lot of time obtaining and using substances
- degree of distress
- costs of physical activity and wellbeing
62
substance use criteria - adolescents
- issues with binge drinking
- relationships to so-morbidities (manage anxiety of stress for example
63
substance use NZ study
- alcohol is most common substance
- overall their is a decrease in substance use
- but some are rising
64
narrative review
combined findings across many studies and aims to show trends along time
65
adults have different or same as children substance abuse and why
differ
- many significant life changes
- development
- and increase in pathopsychology in general
66
substance abuse treatment
- medication
- programmes like AA
- CBT
- motivational interviewing
67
motivational interviewing
this is when they help people to make a change
- impairments to wellbeing
- aspects of hauora
68
anti-social personality disorder
- should change as one gets older
69
the role of family and substances
- young people need support to make change
- and support in general
70
tinana
is the fact that your psychological health can impact your physical heath and vice versa
71
insomnia
is when you have dissatisfaction with sleep for at least 3 months, either quantity or quality
across 1 or more of
- falling, maintain sleep or early mornings awaken
= distress
72
NZ sleep issue are...
high, have lots of bad sleep, which can then lead to poorer physical health
73
causes of insomnia
physical
- sleep obstruction (snoring blocking airway and lack air so wake up)
- pain
psych
- stress
- poor sleep hygiene
74
treatment of insomnia
- identifying the causes
- medical, environmental or psychological intervention
75
sleep hygiene
- habits eg. napping
- environment
- getting ready for bed
76
stress
our body's response to demand or threat in our environment
both short and long term
77
short term stress
inverse U theory - need to have optimal arousal to reach your optimal performance
low arousal (stress) aren't motivated have no interest = low performance
high arousal is to much anxiety = lower performance
78
long term stress
- affects our physical system = increased hormones and ageing
- affects our mental health
79
stress treatment
- life styles changes
- focus on values
- relaxation and mindfulness
- skills training
- setting boundaries
- problem solving
80
stress treatments are effective but
systemic factors affect access to treatment
- risk factors
- historical factors
- current processes eg. racism
81
in terms of stress treatment what can we do from maori
maori and then pacific beliefs in term of therapy
82
eating disorders NZ stats
- 1.7% lifetime prevalence
- more common in females
- across all ethnicities
- around 17 years of age
83
binge eating disorder criteria
A recurrent episodes of binge eating
B - and then 3 + of
- eating more rapidly than normal
- eating until feel uncomfortably full
- eating when not physically hungry
- eating alone
- feeling guilty afterwards
C - marked distress regarding binge eating = functional impairment
D - average binge frequency must be at least 1/week for 3 + months
E - no regular use of inappropriate compensatory behaviours (lose calories)
84
BMI
- used to define normal weight
- w/h^2
85
bulimia nervosa criteria
when you vomit once you eat
A - recurrent episodes of binge eating
B - recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour (purging or non)
C - frequency both AB 1xweek for 3+ months
D - self concept unduly influenced by body shape/weight
86
difference between purging vs non-purging subtype
purging - vomiting or misuse of laxatives
non-purging - fasting or excessive exercise
87
anorexia nervose criteria
3 criteria
A - restriction of energy intake (having low BMI) by starvation, purging or exercising
B - intense fair of gaining weight even when under weight
C - any of the following
- denial of low body weight
- disturbance in perception of body weight/shape
- undue influence
88
society impacts on our body
- social expectations (eg. influences)
- body dysmorphia
- changing beliefs across time 9now a focus on positive body image)
89
te whare wha on eating disorders
whanua = family therapy/services
tinina = nourishing the brain and the body
wairua = values work
hinengaro = cognitive therapy
90
the history of pathopsychology
the worlds perspective has grown and changed, and there are now treatments that are effective in some settings
91
Taha hinengaro
emotional wellbeing
this is your thoughts, emotions and feelings
92
taha tinana
physical wellbeing
- your over all physical health
93
taha wairua
spiritual wellbeing
- your value system
- connections
- identity
94
taha whanau
social wellbeing
- your family
- healthy relationships and communications
- your role in your family
95
what is a disorder
- a psychological factor
- distress or impairment
- atypical response (getting in the way of life)
96
fight or flight
autonomic response to a threat via the sympathetic nervous system
97
differential diagnosis
when you show different symptoms for the same diagnosis
- assessment procedure
- comorbid disorders
- role of cultural specific anxiety
98
managing anxiety
a focus on skills and addressing what is giving you your anxiety
99
people with personality disorders are often referred for
anxiety
100
% have trouble getting back to sleep
% don't feel refreshed
% have trouble falling asleep
50%
50%
30%
101
how can we help stress in maori
- understand the inequalities
- focus on their barriers to treatment
- bust myths
102
