Psychopathology

Question 1

4 definitions of abnormality

Answer 1

1. Statistical Infrequency Definition
2. Deviation from social Norms Definition
3. Failure to Function Adequately Definition
4. Deviation from Ideal Mental Health Definition

Question 2

What is deviation from social norms

Answer 2

abnormality is when a behaviour does not fit with
what is socially acceptable

Question 3

What is failure to funtion adequately

Answer 3

abnormal behaviour is when an individual is not able to cope with
everyday life

Question 4

7 features of personal dysfunction

Answer 4

•Personal distress
•Maladaptive behaviour
•Unpredictability
•Irrationality
•Observer discomfort
•Unconventionality
•Violation of moral standards

Question 5

Statistical infrequency

Answer 5

uses statistics, to
determine the difference between normal and abnormal behaviour.

Question 6

Deviation from ideal mental health

Answer 6

as abnormality is the absence of criteria for good mental health. This is also
known as deviating from an ideal of positive mental health

Question 7

Jahodas criteria for mental health

Answer 7

1) Positive attitude towards the self
2) Self-actualisation
3) Autonomy
4) Resistance to stress
5) Environmental mastery
6) Accurate perception of reality

Question 8

Phobia

Answer 8

excessive fear and anxiety, triggered by an
object, place or situation. The extent of the fear is out of proportion to any real danger
presented by the phobic stimulus.

Question 9

Behavioural characteristics of phobia

Answer 9

•panic
•avoidance
•endurance

Question 10

Emotional characteristics of phobia

Answer 10

•anxiety
•emotional responses are unreasonable

Question 11

Cognitive characteristics of phobia

Answer 11

•selective attention to phobic stimulus
•irrational beliefs
•cognitive distortions
•recognition of exaggerated anxiety

Question 12

Behaviourist explanation for phobia

Answer 12

Mowrer-Two process model

Question 13

How are phobias acquired

Answer 13

Through classical conditioning

Question 14

How are phobias maintained

Answer 14

Through operant conditioning

Question 15

2 Behaviourist approach for treating phobia

Answer 15

1.systematic desensitisation
2.flooding

Question 16

What are the 3 processes in systematic desensitisation

Answer 16

1.Anxiety hierarchy
2.Relaxation
3.Exposure

Question 17

What is systematic desensitisation

Answer 17

behavioural therapy designed to gradually reduce phobic
anxiety through the principle of classical conditioning

Question 18

What is flooding

Answer 18

a person is exposed to the most frightening situation immediately

Question 19

Behavioural characteristics of depression

Answer 19

•low activity levels
•high activity levels
•disruption to sleep
•disruption to eating behaviour
•aggression and self harm

Question 20

Emotional characteristics of depression

Answer 20

•lowered mood
•anger
•lowered self esteem

Question 21

Cognitive characteristics of depression

Answer 21

•poor concentration
•attenting to and dwelling on negative aspects
•absolutist thinking

Question 22

2 explanations of depression

Answer 22

1. Becks cognitive theory
   2.Ellis ABC model

Question 23

What are 3 of Becks cognitive vulnerabilities

Answer 23

1. Faulty information processing
2. Negative schema
3. The Negative Triad

Question 24

Beck’s negative triad elements

Answer 24

1. Negative views about the world
2. Negative views about the future
3. Negative views about oneself

Question 25

What does Ellis ABC stand for

Answer 25

A:activating event B:belief C:consequences

Question 26

What is reactive depression

Answer 26

type of depression that occurs when there is an activating event

Question 27

What is vivo exposure

Answer 27

Actual exposure to feared stimuli

Question 28

What is in vitro exposure

Answer 28

Imaginary exposure to feared stimuli

Question 29

2 Treatments for depression

Answer 29

1.becks cognitive behavioural therapy(CBT) 2.ellis rational emotive behaviour(REBT)

Question 30

Cognitive behavioural therapy

Answer 30

Assist client to identify negative or irrational thoughts so they can be challenged then replaced by more effective behaviours

Question 31

Rational emotive behaviour

Answer 31

•dispute irrational thoughts and replacing them with effective rational thoughts and beliefs which produce new feelings. >A logical argument involves disputing whether the negative thought logically follows from the facts. >An empirical argument involves disputing whether there is actual evidence to support the negative belief.

Question 32

Depression

Answer 32

a low mood or loss of pleasure or interest in activities for long periods of time

Question 33

OCD

Answer 33

anxiety disorder and is characterised by experiencing persistent and intrusive thoughts which occur as obsessions, compulsions or sometimes both.

Question 34

Behavioural characteristics of OCD

Answer 34

•obsessions are repetitive •compulsions reduce anxiety •avoidance

Question 35

Emotional characteristics of OCD

Answer 35

•anxiety and distress •depression/low mood •irrational guilt •disgust •self-loathing

Question 36

Cognitive characteristics of OCD

Answer 36

•obsessive thoughts •cognitive strategies •insight into excessive anxiety

Question 37

Cycle of OCD

Answer 37

Obsessive [ Thoughts ] Temporary Anxiety relief [ ] Compulsive behaviour

Question 38

2 biological explanations of ocd

Answer 38

•genetic explanation •neural explanation

Question 39

Genetic explanations

Answer 39

•Candidate gene-Taylor found up to 230 genes involved(polygenic) •Diathesis stress-disposition is a factor that makes it more likely that an individual will develop a disorder following a stressful life event •gene-37% of parents,21% of siblings

Question 40

Neural explanations

Answer 40

•abnormalities in transmitters •abnormalities in brain structure •abnormalities inbrain function

Question 41

Treatment for ocd

Answer 41

SSRI-levels of serotonin in synapse increase

Question 42

What is the purpose of SSRI's

Answer 42

Decrease anxiety,lower arousal,blood pressure and heart rate