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Psychology: Paper 1 > Psychopathology: Depression > Flashcards

Psychopathology: Depression Flashcards

1
Q

Behavioural characteristics of depression

A

Reduced activity levels

changes to eating/sleeping patterns

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2
Q

Reduced activity levels

A

makes person lethargic

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3
Q

Changes to eating/sleeping patters

A

Overeating/undereating = weight gain/loss

Hypersomnia or insomnia

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4
Q

Emotional characteristics of depression

A

Lowered mood

Anger

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5
Q

Lowered mood

A

happens for prolonged periods of time

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6
Q

Anger

A

leads to self harming behaviour

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7
Q

Cognitive characteristics of depression

A

Poor concentration

Absolutist thinking

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8
Q

Poor concentration

A

unable to concentrate on simple tasks. Simple decision making is difficult

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9
Q

Absolutist thinking

A

Thinking in ‘black and white’ terms.

Unfortunate situation = disaster

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10
Q

Explanations for depression

A

Becks negative triad explanation

Ellis’s ABC model

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11
Q

Beck’s explanation

A

People are biased towards the neg

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12
Q

Beck: cognitive vulnerabilities towards developing depression

A

Faulty info processing
Negative self schema
Cognitive triad

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13
Q

Faulty information processing

A

blows small problems out of proportion (catastrophising)

dwells on negatives, thinking in B&W terms

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14
Q

Catastrophising

A

Blowing small problems out of proportion

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15
Q

Negative self schema

A

Patient interprets all info about themselves in a neg light, further lowering self-confidence

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16
Q

How do negative self schemas develop?

A

though traumatic childhood experience

e.g. continual parent criticism, rejection by others

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17
Q

Cognitive triad

A

Patient suffers from automatic negative thoughts about self, world and future

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18
Q

Self thoughts

A

“I am unattractive”

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19
Q

World thoughts

A

“Even my boyfriends hates me”

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20
Q

Future thoughts

A

“I will always be unattractive”

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21
Q

Ellis’s ABC model

A

Irrational beliefs come from irrational thinking

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22
Q

A of ABC model

A

Activating event

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23
Q

What does the ABC model claim the model begins with

A

an activating event

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24
Q

What does the activating event lead to?

A

A belief: either rational of irrational

25
Q

Consquence of an irrational belief

A

negative emotions such as depression

26
Q

Example of an activating event

A

Failing driving test

27
Q

Source of irrational beliefs

A

musturbatory thinking

28
Q

Musturbatory thinking

A

thinking certain ideas must be true for an individual to be happy

29
Q

What is likely for a person that thinks in a musturbatory way?

A

likely to be at

best: disappointed
worst: depressed

30
Q

A03: support

A

Focuses on person, gives them

1) responsibility for their disorder
2) opportunity to change their thinking

31
Q

A03: against focusing on person

A

downplay of situational factors that may have contributed to depression e.g. life events, family problems

32
Q

A03: RLA

A

Beck and Ellis developed theories like CBT
If depression successfully treated by challenging irrational thoughts, irrational thoughts = probable cause of depression

33
Q

A03: Not all irrational thoughts are actually irrational

A

Alloy and Abraham found depressed people give more accurate estimated for the likelihood of disaster.
More accurate view of world than optimistic non-depressed people

34
Q

A03: Alloy and Abraham so what?

A

means irrational beliefs may just seem irrational, but acc aren’t

35
Q

A03: Genetic factors

A

Depressed people have low lvls of serotonin
NT’s play a role in causing depression
Drug therapy is a successful treatment
Diathesis stress model = better explanation

36
Q

CBT involves….

A

Cognitive and behavioural elements

37
Q

Cognitive elements of CBT

A

aim to identify irrational and neg thoughts which lead to depression

38
Q

components to CBT

A

initial assessment
Goal setting
Identifying negative thoughts and challenging them
Homework

39
Q

Beck’s cognitive therapy

A

Identify
Challenge
Test

40
Q

Becks cognitive theory: Identify

A

therapist helps patient identify neg thoughts in relation to themselves, world and future using neg triad

41
Q

Becks cognitive theory: Challenge

A

Patient = therapist challenge irrational thoughts by discussing evidence for and against them

42
Q

Becks cognitive theory: Test

A

Patient encourage to test validity of irrational thoughts

Set homework

43
Q

Ellis REBT

A

Developed ABC model to inc. Dispute and Effect

44
Q

Ellis REBT: Dispute

A

Challenge irrational thoughts via dispute (vigorous argument)

45
Q

Ellis REBT: types of dispute

A

logical

empirical

46
Q

Ellis REBT: Logic dispute

A

therapist questions logic of patients thoughts

47
Q

Ellis REBT: empirical dispute

A

Therapist seeks evidence to support irrational beliefs

48
Q

Ellis REBT aim:

A

to challenge irrational belief and break the link between negative life events and depression

49
Q

Behavioural action

A

therapist encourages patient to engage in enjoyable activities and be more active
Provides more evidence of irrational nature of beliefs.

50
Q

A03: REBT and CBT strength

A

done well in outcome studies

March et al

51
Q

A03: March et al (2007): Procedure

A 
used 327 adolescents
compared effects of:
CBT
antidepressants 
CBT + antidepressants
52
Q

A03: March et al (2007): Findings

A

81% improvements for CBT and antidepressants condition
86% improvement for combo
Therefore, CBT just as effective as other therapies

53
Q

A03: March et al (2007): SO what?

A

There is a good case for using CBT as a treatment in the NHS. Patients aren’t as reliant on drugs

54
Q

A03: weakness

A

CBT less effective in those with high irrational beliefs

Elkin et al

55
Q

A03: weakness. Elkin et al: findings:

A

Patient may struggle to:
Engage in cognitive work
motivate themselves
focus in sessions

56
Q

A03: weakness. Elkin et al SO what?

A

means CBT can’t be used to address all cases of depression
not suitable for those who need help the most
ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS

57
Q

A03: Alternative treatments

A

alterative treatments have advantages over CBT

Antidepressants (SSRI’s)

58
Q

A03: Advantages of alternative treatments

A

not much commitment on part of patient in comparison (Ellis REBT = 27 sessions)
Effective v. quickly, cost-effective

59
Q

A03: other treatments: SO what?

A

Suggests other treatment more appropriate for some patients, should be used to compliment CBT

Psychology: Paper 1 (18 decks)

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