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Psychology: Paper 1 > Psychopathology: Depression > Flashcards

Psychopathology: Depression Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Behavioural characteristics of depression

A

Reduced activity levels

changes to eating/sleeping patterns

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2
Q

Reduced activity levels

A

makes person lethargic

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3
Q

Changes to eating/sleeping patters

A

Overeating/undereating = weight gain/loss

Hypersomnia or insomnia

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4
Q

Emotional characteristics of depression

A

Lowered mood

Anger

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5
Q

Lowered mood

A

happens for prolonged periods of time

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6
Q

Anger

A

leads to self harming behaviour

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7
Q

Cognitive characteristics of depression

A

Poor concentration

Absolutist thinking

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8
Q

Poor concentration

A

unable to concentrate on simple tasks. Simple decision making is difficult

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9
Q

Absolutist thinking

A

Thinking in ‘black and white’ terms.

Unfortunate situation = disaster

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10
Q

Explanations for depression

A

Becks negative triad explanation

Ellis’s ABC model

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11
Q

Beck’s explanation

A

People are biased towards the neg

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12
Q

Beck: cognitive vulnerabilities towards developing depression

A

Faulty info processing
Negative self schema
Cognitive triad

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13
Q

Faulty information processing

A

blows small problems out of proportion (catastrophising)

dwells on negatives, thinking in B&W terms

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14
Q

Catastrophising

A

Blowing small problems out of proportion

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15
Q

Negative self schema

A

Patient interprets all info about themselves in a neg light, further lowering self-confidence

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16
Q

How do negative self schemas develop?

A

though traumatic childhood experience

e.g. continual parent criticism, rejection by others

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17
Q

Cognitive triad

A

Patient suffers from automatic negative thoughts about self, world and future

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18
Q

Self thoughts

A

“I am unattractive”

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19
Q

World thoughts

A

“Even my boyfriends hates me”

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20
Q

Future thoughts

A

“I will always be unattractive”

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21
Q

Ellis’s ABC model

A

Irrational beliefs come from irrational thinking

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22
Q

A of ABC model

A

Activating event

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23
Q

What does the ABC model claim the model begins with

A

an activating event

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24
Q

What does the activating event lead to?

Study These Flashcards
A

A belief: either rational of irrational

25
Consquence of an irrational belief
negative emotions such as depression
26
Example of an activating event
Failing driving test
27
Source of irrational beliefs
musturbatory thinking
28
Musturbatory thinking
thinking certain ideas must be true for an individual to be happy
29
What is likely for a person that thinks in a musturbatory way?
likely to be at best: disappointed worst: depressed
30
A03: support
Focuses on person, gives them 1) responsibility for their disorder 2) opportunity to change their thinking
31
A03: against focusing on person
downplay of situational factors that may have contributed to depression e.g. life events, family problems
32
A03: RLA
Beck and Ellis developed theories like CBT If depression successfully treated by challenging irrational thoughts, irrational thoughts = probable cause of depression
33
A03: Not all irrational thoughts are actually irrational
Alloy and Abraham found depressed people give more accurate estimated for the likelihood of disaster. More accurate view of world than optimistic non-depressed people
34
A03: Alloy and Abraham so what?
means irrational beliefs may just seem irrational, but acc aren't
35
A03: Genetic factors
Depressed people have low lvls of serotonin NT's play a role in causing depression Drug therapy is a successful treatment Diathesis stress model = better explanation
36
CBT involves....
Cognitive and behavioural elements
37
Cognitive elements of CBT
aim to identify irrational and neg thoughts which lead to depression
38
components to CBT
initial assessment Goal setting Identifying negative thoughts and challenging them Homework
39
Beck's cognitive therapy
Identify Challenge Test
40
Becks cognitive theory: Identify
therapist helps patient identify neg thoughts in relation to themselves, world and future using neg triad
41
Becks cognitive theory: Challenge
Patient = therapist challenge irrational thoughts by discussing evidence for and against them
42
Becks cognitive theory: Test
Patient encourage to test validity of irrational thoughts | Set homework
43
Ellis REBT
Developed ABC model to inc. Dispute and Effect
44
Ellis REBT: Dispute
Challenge irrational thoughts via dispute (vigorous argument)
45
Ellis REBT: types of dispute
logical | empirical
46
Ellis REBT: Logic dispute
therapist questions logic of patients thoughts
47
Ellis REBT: empirical dispute
Therapist seeks evidence to support irrational beliefs
48
Ellis REBT aim:
to challenge irrational belief and break the link between negative life events and depression
49
Behavioural action
therapist encourages patient to engage in enjoyable activities and be more active Provides more evidence of irrational nature of beliefs.
50
A03: REBT and CBT strength
done well in outcome studies | March et al
51
A03: March et al (2007): Procedure
``` used 327 adolescents compared effects of: CBT antidepressants CBT + antidepressants ```
52
A03: March et al (2007): Findings
81% improvements for CBT and antidepressants condition 86% improvement for combo Therefore, CBT just as effective as other therapies
53
A03: March et al (2007): SO what?
There is a good case for using CBT as a treatment in the NHS. Patients aren't as reliant on drugs
54
A03: weakness
CBT less effective in those with high irrational beliefs | Elkin et al
55
A03: weakness. Elkin et al: findings:
Patient may struggle to: Engage in cognitive work motivate themselves focus in sessions
56
A03: weakness. Elkin et al SO what?
means CBT can't be used to address all cases of depression not suitable for those who need help the most ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS
57
A03: Alternative treatments
alterative treatments have advantages over CBT | Antidepressants (SSRI's)
58
A03: Advantages of alternative treatments
not much commitment on part of patient in comparison (Ellis REBT = 27 sessions) Effective v. quickly, cost-effective
59
A03: other treatments: SO what?
Suggests other treatment more appropriate for some patients, should be used to compliment CBT

Psychology: Paper 1 (18 decks)

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