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Psychosocial Health Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Psychosocial Health?

A

Intellectual Health (thinking)
Spiritual Health (being)
Emotional Health (feeling)
Social Health (relating)

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2
Q

Intellectual health?

A

The “thinking you”
rationale part of psychosocial health
cognitive processing, reasoning, organized thought

ability to:
□ perceive things realistically
□ use reasoning in problem-solving
□ interpret and evaluate situations effectively and react appropriately

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3
Q

Emotional health?

A

the “feeling you”
subjective side of psychosocial health
emotional reactions to life
e.g. love, hate, hurt, joy, fear, anxiety, anger

ability to:
□ Respond appropriately to distressing or happy events
□ manage emotions and avoid extreme reactions

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4
Q

Social health?

A

interactions with others
presence of social bonds, social supports

ability to:
□ Interact with others individually or in groups
□ listen, express themselves
□ develop healthy relationships
□ adapt to a variety of social situations

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5
Q

Spiritual health?

A

inner quest for well-being
reflection of values, beliefs perception of the world

□ search for meaning, connectedness
□ recognition of uniqueness, strengths and weaknesses, and place in the universe
· source of strength, hope, purpose

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6
Q

What does good Psychosocial Health associate with?

A

positive self-esteem, positive outlook
healthy relationships
ability to manage emotions, anxiety, stress
interest in life, ability to meet demands
capacity to reach full potential
Contribute meaningfully to society

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7
Q

What influences Psychosocial Health

A

influences of the family
influences of the wider environment
□ e.g. persistent stressors, access to resources

self-esteem and self-efficacy
learned helplessness vs. learned optimism
□ patterns of responding in which one expects to fail vs. expected to succeed _
□ Personality traits e.g. openness to experience

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8
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

a sense of self-respect or self-worth

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9
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

belief in the ability to perform tasks successfully

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10
Q

How do we enhance Psychosocial Health?

A

build self-esteem & self-efficacy
complete tasks - on time!
enhance talents, skills
realistic expectations
take time for yourself
mindfulness
focus on the present -” live in the moment”
perspective
foster connectedness
volunteer, join in
maintain physical health

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11
Q

What is the mind-body connection?

A

association between emotions and physical health

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12
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)?

A

relationships between psychological factors, CNS & immunity

nervous, endocrine, and immune systems
psychological ↔ physiological

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13
Q

What does prolonged stress do?

A

elevates cortisol, decreases NK cell activity

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14
Q

What do we know about the effect of disease risks associated with PNI?

A

nothing, need more research

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15
Q

What is there some research on?

A

negative emotions and disease
□ depression - direct vs indirect effect on disease risk?

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16
Q

How much research is there on positive emotions and health?

A

limited
happiness appears to have positive health benefits

enhances emotional, intellectual & social health
releases endorphins (feel-good hormones), promotes relaxation, ↓ and anxiety, increases mood

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17
Q

When should someone seek professional help?

A

Do you think you need help
problems are interfering with daily life
□ emotions are inappropriate or distracting
□ wide mood swings
□ life feels overwhelming
□ withdrawal from others

depression, low self-esteem
symptoms of psychosis

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18
Q

What is the first leading cause of death?

A

accidents

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19
Q

What is suicide?

A

the second leading cause of death (among 15-34 years old)
intentional, self-inflicted death
more attempts in women
3x higher in Canadian-born than immigrants 4000 suicides per year
suicide is significantly more frequent
no reliable data to confirm exact numbers

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20
Q

Populations at higher risk of suicide?

A

men and boys
people serving federal sentences
some indigenous communities especially among youth
survivors of major loss- e.g. recent loss of a loved one

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21
Q

Other risk factors of suicide?

A

serious physical or mental illness
major life changes - isolation lack of social support
thoughts of suicide and suicide-related behaviours are more frequent among LGBTQ youth compared to their non-LGBTQ peers
Previous attempts (s)

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22
Q

Warning Signs of suicide?

A

Talk of suicide- making a plan
▪ writing or drawing about death/suicide
expressions of hopelessness, lack of purpose
talking about being a burden, unbearable pain
sudden changes in mood or behaviours
e.g. unexpected cheerfulness (giving favourite possessions away)
increased use of alcohol and drugs
increased risk-taking behaviours

coupled with:
extreme sadness, withdrawal from friends and family

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23
Q

What are suicide prevention strategies?

A

monitor the warning signs - close observation

communicate - talk and listen
▪ take any threat seriously
▪ be direct - “ are you thinking of hurting yourself ?”
▪ do not belittle the person’s feelings
▪ let the person know you care, discuss alternatives

safe environment
Seek help - emergency assistance and/or counselling
Tell someone

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24
Q

Who are some mental health professionals

A

Psychiatrist - MD
Psychologist - PhD
Social Worker - MSW
Counselor/ Therapist- MA, MSc.
□ check credentials
Psychiatric Nurse - RN
specialist in psychiatric practice

psych/o- (mind), iatro/o (physician),
-ist (one who specialized in)

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25
What are mental illnesses?
Disorders that disrupt: thinking, feeling, mood, behaviour varying degrees of impairment · Approximately 1 in 5 experience mental illness in any given year - 50% by age 40 (CMHA, CAMH, 2020) Affects all ages, education, income levels, cultures Causes: a complex interplay of genetic biological personality and environmental factors. CHMA, 2020)
26
3 major categories of mental illness?
mood disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders
27
Types of mood disorders?
depression, social anxiety disorder, postpartum depression, bipolar disorder
28
Depression?
severe despair over extended period most common mood disorder in Canada major depression affects - 5.4% of the Canadian population - high risk in women
29
Causes of depression?
2 forms endogenous (primary): chemical changes in the brain exogenous (secondary): response to an external event
30
Symptoms of depression?
prolonged sadness, lack of oy, loss of interest in usual activities, poor concentration, changes in appetite, fatigue, sleep disturbance, withdrawal In hopelessness
31
Seasonal attention disorder?
Depression occurring in the winter months □ associates with low levels of sunlight □ effects 2-3% of Canadians 25% of Canadian report mild "winter blues"
32
Postpartum depression?
after the delivery of the baby □ associates with family history, biology (hormones) personality, life experiences, environment (supports) mismatch between expectations and experience, sleep deprivation □ 8- 12% of Canadian women (CHA, 2013) □ may lead to guilt, feelings of inadequacy may interfere with bonding
33
Bipolar disorder?
alternating episodes of mania and depression 1% of the population (CHA,2021) - men and women equally
34
Symptoms of bipolar disorder may include?
extreme optimism, euphoria, feelings of grandeur rapid racing thoughts and hyperactivity decrease need for sleep, increased irritability impulsiveness, reckless behaviour
35
What are the causes of bipolar disorder?
Uncertain however, assuming biochemical imbalance, hormone imbalances, heredity, environmental stresses
36
What are anxiety disorders?
Group of disorders □ generalized anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobias, panic disorder, social anxiety, PTSD 5% of the population - more common in women
37
Causes of anxiety disorders?
biochemical imbalance, genetics, stress
38
Common symptoms of anxiety disorders?
intense prolonged sense of fear and distress excessive worry,physiological signs of anxious arousal, behavioural avoidance, variable functional impairment
39
What are some anxiety disorders?
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post- traumatic stress disorder (PISD)
40
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
chronic and debilitating anxiety of worry - out of proportion to actual risk may be focused on specific life circumstances finance, health, relationships
41
Social Anxiety Disorder?
most common of all anxiety disorders fear of being appraised or judged negatively - out of proportion to the situation may be specific to certain situations or more general e.g. public speaking, eating out, social gatherings
42
Panic disorder?
sudden onset of disabling fear - intense episodes that come "out of the blue" - "fight or flight" response is activated  I have chest pains or a racing heart  I have a hard time breathing or a choking feeling  I feel dizzy, I sweat a lot or I feel like I need to throw up  I shake, feel out of control  I am afraid I am dying or going crazy anticipatory fear is common - may lead to Agoraphobia
43
Phobias?
intense and persistent fear of something specific - considerable distress leads to avoidance behaviour
44
Common Phobias?
common phobias: - flying, heights, snakes, doctors, elevators agoraphobia - fear of panic attacks in an inescapable situation
45
Obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD)?
unwanted thoughts, images, impulses ( obsessions) - disturbing, causes anxiety - E.g. germs, doubts, hurting, someone Need to perform. Certain acts, rituals (compulsions) □ habitual behaviours relieve anxiety washing, checking, counting, touching, organizing
46
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PISD)?
follows exposure to a traumatic event - e.g. assault, natural disaster, witness death/serious injury severe distress, flashbacks, difficulty "moving on"
47
What are psychotic disorders?
Psychosis: loss of contact with reality □ difficulty distinguishing what is real, and what is not real □ 3% will experience a psychotic episode in their lifetime psych/o- (mind), -osis (condition)
48
Group of psychotic disorders?
Schizophrenic, schizoaffective disorder, depression with psychotic features, during induced psychosis.
49
Schizophrenia?
alterations of the senses, inability to sort incoming stimuli, altered sense of self □ affects about 1% of the Canadian population men and women were effected equally (early diagnosis for men)
50
Symptoms of Schizophrenia?
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts, changes in mood and behaviours (positive) □ Reduced activity, low motivation, loss of interest (negative)
51
Causes of Schizophrenia?
uncertain? - the disease of the brain □ alterations in brain chemistry, virus, genetics
52
What are treatment protocols? 4 types?
Can be treated effectively: must overcome barriers 1. lifestyle modifications 2. talk therapies 3. medications 4. life skills training
53
Lifestyle modifications?
healthy eating, PA stress management, adequate sleep treatment for substance abuse
54
"talk therapies"?
psychotherapy - cognitive behaviour therapy individual, group or family therapy psychoeducation social support
55
Medications?
antidepressants, anti-anxiety mood stabilizers, antipsychotics initial hospitalization may be necessary
56
Life skills training?
social skills, academic/ employment counselling, housing Light therapy (SAD) exposure to lamps that mimic sunlight
57
What is stress?
effect Mental and physical response to demands, and expectations placed on us □ Neither positive nor negative - Our response to it can be positive or negative · "in mind of the beholder" □ Different things to different people · stress motivates → stimulates
58
What is the stress response?
how you respond to stress based on many factors - social supports, environment, personality, health status □ based on previous experiences
59
What are stressors?
the cause physical, psychosocial, environmental - change, pressures, job/school expectations, conflict, low self-efficacy/control, major life events, noise, poor living conditions, natural disasters
60
What are rhe two types of stress - based on perception?
eustress and distress
61
Eustress?
positive stress ▪ perceived as good - potential to result in positive change - e.g. getting married, new home, starting a new job
62
Distress?
negative stress ▪ perceived as bad - potential to result in negative change - e.g. financial problems, illness, loss of a loved one body does not distinguish: eustress vs. distress some evidence that your beliefs about stress can regulate health effects - increase resilience
63
Physical signs and symptoms of stress?
sweaty palms Shortness of breath nervous, rapid, shaky speech dry throat/mouth trembling hands nervous mannerisms heart palpitations Gt upset/frequent urination Headaches sleep disturbance chronic fatigue changes in appetite
64
Congnitive and emotional signs and symptoms of stress?
decreased concentration, irritability, mood swings difficulty with classes, relationship challenges wide range of behavioral responses
65
What are stress and illness pathways?
Short-term stress response is advantageous □ but when activated too often, too long…..direct effect on health, interactive effect on health, changes in health behaviour?
66
Direct effect on Health?
stress produces physiological, psychological changes promoting development of illness
67
Interactive effect on Health?
stress interacts with pre-existing physical and psychological vulnerabilities
68
Changes in Health Behaviour?
stress may alter our lifestyle choices ▪ promote negative health behaviors (e.g. alcohol, poor eating)
69
What are hardy individuals?
possess a variety of effective coping skills to respond to change effectively □ high sense of control over their life □ strong sense of commitment to self, job, etc…high self-esteem, ability to say NO □ acceptance of challenges, change living with uncertainty □ healthy lifestyle choices, connected to others hardiness - buffer in stress-illness relationship Resilience: adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats, significant stress (APA, 2020)
70
Less stress vs More stress?
Less: meh, you got my attention Neutral point: Rocking it More: starting to freak out, crash and burn
71
What are some negative methods to cope with stress?
negative dependency behaviors smoking, excessive drinking withdrawal from stressor attack – direct confrontation anger & aggression these methods may be effective short term …..but may ultimately produce additional stress Lifestyle management : effective, supportive of health
72
Stress can lead to?
stress: “condition of prolonged arousal” □ cause the body to wear down over time - “allostatic load” ↑ risk of CVD, decrease immune function, anxiety, depression
73
What is homeostatsis?
state of physical, mental balance in which all of the body’s systems function smoothly □ physiological and psychological equilibrium * perceived stress → adaptive response attempt to restore homeostasis
74
What are adaptive responses?
highly individual vary stressor to stressor, within individuals over time
75
What are the 3 stages of resistance to stress?
alaram, resistance, exchaustion
76
Alarm phase?
homeostasis is disrupted sympathetic nervous system (SNS) prepares for “fight or flight” □ releases epinephrine increase HR, BP, respiration, blood sugar, dilates pupils releases ACTH → release of cortisol increases blood sugar endorphins → relieve pain
77
Resistance phase?
body reacts to stressor to regain homeostasis parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) □ Shows systems stimulated by stress response
78
What are some body reactions to stressors to regain homeostatis?
more blood goes to brain hearing ability increases urine production decreases muscles tense blood clothing ability increases body cells realse energy faster heart rate and blood preassure increase digestive system slows blood supply and is diverted to more critical areas
79
Exchausation phase?
energy used for stress response is depleted □ Short term stress - energy is replenished Chronic stress depletes adaptive energy stores and may lead to burnout or serious illness
80
How do all these stages work together?
stage 1: Alarm - a stressor is perceived. slight drop in homeostatis occurs as the mind and body temporaily lose balance stage 2: Resistance - adaptation resources are mobilized to combat stressor. endocrine system comes into play. Stage 3: Exhaustaion - adptation enegry stores are depleted. Replenish them, and the body will return to homeostatic state
81
What is stress managemnt?
Find the level of stress that allows us to function as productive and happy individuals
82
Factors involved in stress management?
share feelings music laugh exercise sleep meditation yoga nature time managment
83
What are some Social / Emotional Strategies?
Self talk, foster positive self-esteem realistic expectations, worry constructively Laugh and cry: releases endorphins, stimulates Relaxation: meaningful relationships: intimacy, social support
84
Behavioural strategies?
healthy foods, exercise, yoga
85
Relaxation techniques?
meditation, massage
86
What is Progressive Muscular Relaxation?
technique used to induce nerve-muscle relaxation □ systematic contraction muscles or muscle group followed by relaxation * purpose of contraction phase? □ helps you to recognize muscular tension □ induces relaxation on release
87
What is porgressive msucular relaxation treatment of?
tension headaches, migraines, backaches, depression, anxiety, insomnia
88
What is time management?
time inventory know yourself - plan accordingly □ become aware of your own time de-clutter your workspaces prioritize your tasks - "to do list" avoid interruptions - go "unplugged" avoid committing
89
What is Adequate Sleep?
* Key factor in physical and psychosocial health Many do not get adequate sleep □ Common problem among students More common in women
90
What is sleep deprivation?
Tired, irritable, decreased concentration and memory, impaired reasoning and judgement increased mood disorders increased risk of obesity, illness an accidents, decreased performance Pain sensitivity? Emotional empathy?
91
What is the sleep requirement?
Highly individual, varies across the lifecycle - Adults: 7-9 hours (SleepFoundation.org, Mayo Clinic: 2020) Sleep duration regulated by circadian rhythms melatonin
92
How much sleep do you really need?
Both Quantity and Quality of sleep matter
93
Tips for adequate sleep?
regular sleep schedule dark, quiet sleep environment calm activities before bedtime healthy eating regular exercise limit caffeine and alcohol
94
What is Technostress?
"personal stress generated by a reliance on technological devices...a panicky feeling when they fail...constant stimulation? · challenge - forced "multi-tasking", distraction □ technology overload - initiates stress response smart phones, laptops, iPads □ email. internet. Facebook. Twitter, computer applications
95
How do we manage technostress
get outside, - leave technology behind become tech aware - track time focus on a single task regular back up, expect change
96
The dimension that includes a person’s ability to respond appropriately to upsetting events and to express feelings in appropriate ways is the __________ dimension of psychological health.
emotional health
97
What are some strategies a person can implement to enhance happiness?
working on strengthening current relationships and being open to new ones spending more time doing the things that already bring happiness appreciating the small things in everyday life
98
Which of the following correctly describes a mood disorder?
feeling extreme fatigue and irritability during the fall and winter months
99
Identify preventative actions you could take if someone displays warning signs of suicide?
Tell other important people in the person’s life about what you observed or heard. Accompany the person to campus or community resources, or help the person call a suicide hotline.
100
Which is not a possible treatment therapy for psychological problems?
muscle stimulation therapy
101
Which of the following is the preferred method of treatment for seasonal affective disorder?
light therapy
102
The base of Maslow’s pyramid consists of __________.
food, water, exercise, sleep, and sexual expression
103
Self-esteem is part of which level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
esteem needs
104
Jane has enough food and water and good relationships with her friends and family. When Jane comes home at night, she is constantly looking over her shoulder. She has five locks on her door and is often woken up by the sound of gunshots. What is the first level of Maslow’s hierarchy NOT being met in Jane’s life?
security needs
105
What is Maslow's Pyramid?
base to top: Physiological need - air, water, food, shelter, sleep, reproduction, clothing Safety needs - personal security, employment, resources, health, property Love and belonging - friendhsip, iitmacy, family , sense of connection Esteem - respect, selfesteem, status, recongition, strength, freedom Self-acutulization - desire to become the most one can be
106
If someone you know threatens suicide, which of the following is NOT a recommended action to take?
Leave the person alone.
107
Which of the following health professionals is authorized to prescribe medications and may have admitting privileges at a local hospital?
psychiatrist
108
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is required to satisfy a human being's most basic need?
food and water
109
The aspect of psychological health that includes interactions with others and the ability to adapt to various situations is known as __________.
social health
110
Psychological health does NOT include which of the following dimensions of health?
environmental
111
An acute anxiety reaction that brings on an intense physical reaction (often for unknown reasons) is known as
a panic attack
112
This type of therapy focuses on the impact of thoughts and ideas on one's feelings and behavior.
cognitive therapy
113
The two phrases correspond with which dimension of health? "When I have a problem, I try to develop rational strategies to solve it." "I'm currently enrolled in a computer science class. Although it is not required for araduaton. It assists me in analyzing, organizing, and using information effectively."
mental health
114
The two phrases correspond with which dimension of health? "I'm very upset with my roommate. Whenever we have a disagreement, she storms out of the room, shouts at the tops of her lungs, and slams the door instead of communicating her feelings in an appropriate manner." "Practicing yoga helped me get my feelings under control, and I don't allow my moods to overpower me anymore."
Emotional health
115
The two phrases correspond with which dimension of health? "Although I really try, I can't seem to form meaningful, lasting relationships In the last semester, I've dated five different people, and the relationships ended badly." "It is extremely important for me to set aside a few hours per week to spend with my friends, regardless of how busy I am."
social health
116
The two phrases correspond with which dimension of health? "I grew up in a very religious family, but stopped practicing religion when I started college, as a way of rebellion I guess. However, after a few months I started to pray again. Praying gives me a sense of purpose and a connection to a higher power." "Since I've started meditating regularly, I feel more at peace and more connected to other people and the world in general."
spirtual health
117
There are a number of risk factors and possible warning signs of suicide that you should recognize so that you can take action to assist someone who is contemplating suicide. From the list below, choose all of the statements that accurately describe suicide statistics, risk factors, and warning signs of suicide.
If in doubt, you can ask the person directly if he is thinking of hurting or killing himself. Most people who attempt suicide do not really want to die, but rather see death as the only way out of an impossible situation.
118
Men are half as likely as women to suffer from this disorder. Symptoms include sadness and despair. Are symptoms of which disorder?
depression
119
Irrational behaviors must consume more than 1 hour per day and disrupt normal, everyday activities. Persons feel compelled to perform rituals repeatedly. Are symptoms of which disorder?
OCD
120
People may develop this disorder as a delayed response to witnessing or experlencing a traumatic event. Symptoms include flashbacks and nightmares. Are symptoms of which disorder?
PTSD
121
Symptoms include hallucinations and illogical speech. This disorder is a mental illness with a biological origin, possibly brain damage during fetal development. Are symptoms of which disorder?
Schizophrenia
122
The presence of unwanted thoughts and the need to perform certain rituals suggests a diagnosis of
obsessive compulsive disorder
123
Your friend is very sad and you are concerned that that she is contemplating suicide. Your appropriate first response is to:
ask her if she is thinking of hurting herself
124
Which of the following situations describes distress:
caregiving for a terminally ill family member thinking someone has broken into your house

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