PSYU2239 - Episodic Memory Flashcards
(19 cards)
Encoding & Retrieval
Encoding: Transforming input into a suitable format
Retrieval: Getting info out of storage
2 Phases of Levels-of-Processing
- Study Phase
- Test Phase
What are the 3 types of orienting tasks?
Visual - Is the word in Caps? Does the word contain a letter e?
Phonemic - Does this word rhyme with ___?
Semantic - Is it a type of animal? Is this the synonym of ___? Does it fit the sentence “He dropped the precious ___?”
Describe the LOP results
DV: % of recall
Semantic > Phonemic > Visual
Note-taking study - Results
Factual information: Laptop = Longhand
Conceptual Information: Laptop < Longhand
Limitation of LOP (1): Levels isn’t everything
Explain spread of processing
- Amount of processing of a particular kind (within the level is also important)
(a) Word that doesn’t fit can be rejected without its meaning being processed
(b) More processing when sentence is more complicated - Elaboration makes the item more unique
LOP Limitation (2): Is the LOP effect found in non-verbal stimuli?
Describe the 2 IVs and its levels
I. Stimuli presented
1. Doors
2. Clocks
3. Menu items (3 to 4 words; Verbal)
II. Levels of processing
1. Deep processing (pleasant/unpleasant)
2. Shallow processing (size judgment)
Results found in the non-verbal study
LOP effect more limited in non-verbal items (there isn’t much difference in recall for non-verbal items - doors, clocks between the 2 levels of processing)
5 types of memory tests
- Free recall
- Serial recall
- Cued recall
- Forced-choice judgment
- Yes/No recognition
Explain “Encoding specificity principle” in own words
Memory performance is better when the situation of learning matches the situation of retrieval
Encoding Specificity Principle: Environmental Context - Results and Conclusion
Environment learned: Environment being tested
Recall: Land-Land > Water-Water > Land-Water > Water-Land
Recognition: No difference
Matching of environment between learning and test affected recall, but not recognition
What is a key factor in implicit memory? Explain it
Repetition Priming
* Better performance due to prior exposure
IV, DV, and Procedure of the implicit memory study
IV: Ss (Korsakoff patients vs control group - without K)
DV: Performance on memory tests (explicit and implicit)
Procedure: Learn a list of words
Findings of Implicit Memory Test
Amnesic patients scored lower on all explicit memory tests, but scored around the same on implicit memory test as the control group (word completion)
Describe Anterograde Amnesia
Unable to form new memory
Intact STM
Can learn new skills
Show repetition priming in implicit memory tests
Study that shows amnesics performed poorly on implicit memory tests (1) - Schacter, Church, & Bolton (1995)
Procedure, Findings, and Conclusions
Procedure:
1. Listen to words spoken by 6 speakers
2. Listen to muffled words and identify them
3. 3 Diff conditions: Same speaker, re-paired voice, new (non-studied words)
Findings
1. Control group: Same voice > Re-paired > New
2. Amnesics: Re-paired >= Same > New
Conclusions
- Amnesics lack the ability to bind voices with the specific context
Study that shows amnesics performed poorly on implicit memory tests (2) - Huppert & Piercy (1976)
Procedure x2, Findings x2, and Conclusions
Procedure (1)
1. Ss shown pics on Day 1 and Day 2
2. Ss asked to identify pictures on D2 ONLY
Findings (1)
1. Korsakoff - Can’t differentiate
Procedure (2)
1. Ss asked to respond to all pictures presented
Findings (2)
1. Ss able to identify as well as controls
Conclusion
1. Amnesics unable to differentiate, but recognition still intact
2. Recognition memory can be based on familiarity or recollection
(Recollection - recognition memory accompanied by retrieval of context)
Difference between familiarity and recollection
Familiarity - Know
Recollection - Remember
Why do amnesics performed well on some implicit memory tests?
Doesn’t require recollection (retrieval of context)
Repetition priming (no distinguishing between context)
