pt. 2

Question 1

It was originally discovered as a contaminant in the herbicide Agent Orange. It is also a by-product of chlorine processing in paper producing industries.

Answer 1

Dioxin, (or TCDD, tetrachlorodibenzodioxin)

Question 2

It defines pesticide as any substance or mixture of substances intended to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate any pest.

Answer 2

EPA [Environmental Protection Agency in U.s]

Question 3

It may also be described as any physical, chemical, or biological agent that will kill an undesirable plant or animal pest.

Answer 3

Pesticides

Question 4

Different portions of a plant may contain different concentrations of chemicals. Some chemicals made by plants can be lethal.

For example, taxon, used in chemotherapy to kill cancer cells, is produced by a species of the yew plant.

Question 5

It is used in chemotherapy to kill cancer cells, produced by a species of the yew plant.

Answer 5

taxon

Question 6

These toxins can result from venomous or poisonous animal releases.

Answer 6

Animal toxins

Question 7

All chemicals (or any chemical) may be poisonous at a given dose and through a particular route. For example, breathing too much pure oxygen, drinking excessive amounts of water, or eating too much salt can cause poisoning or death

Question 8

It deals with the study of deleterious effects of xenobiotics, if any, on chromosomes and, more specifically, upon the genetic constitution of individuals. It is closely related to the mechanistic as well as biochemical toxicology.

Answer 8

Genetic Toxicology

Question 9

This branch deals with the evaluation and recommendation of suitable measures for the protection of environment and its living resources.

Answer 9

Preventive Toxicology:

Question 10

It is chiefly concerned with the study of alterations in the behavior of organisms following exposure to specific toxicant.

Answer 10

Behavioral Toxicology:

Question 11

This branch deals with the adverse effects of chemicals on a particular system of organisms, viz., respiratory system, immune system, nervous system, cardiovascular system etc.

Answer 11

Systemic Toxicology:

Question 12

lThis branch deals with the study of relative- toxicities of xenobiotics to various organisms.

Answer 12

Comparative Toxicology:

Question 13

It is the study of toxins in the restricted sense (poisons produced by microorganisms, viz., bacteria and viruses etc.).

Answer 13

Toxinology

Question 14

It involves the study of the effects of toxicants of any origin on wildlife, in exactly the same way as the veterinary toxicology is related to domestic animals.

Answer 14

Wildlife Toxicology:

Question 15

It is a recent area concerned with the puzzling phenomenon that certain toxic drug reaction seems to be more frequent in particular countries or in one continent.

It analyses various factors (climate, nutritional practices, genetic factors and other environmental influences) which might account for these differences in responses of the human body to a xenobiotic.

Answer 15

Ethnic or Geographical Toxicology:

Question 16

-the impression made by the poison to the body part it made contact. e.g., corrosives

Answer 16

Local effect

Question 17

These are materials that can attack and chemically destroy exposed body tissues. They are present in almost every workplace. Acids, bases (which include caustics or alkalis), and other chemicals.

Answer 17

Corrosives

Question 18

the effect is produced or developed in an area other than the site of application. Example Methyl alcohol taken orally produced blurred vision.

Answer 18

Remote effect

Question 19

The poison that produced both effects. Example Phosphorus

Answer 19

Combined effect

Question 20

It cause tissue necrosis on contact [caustic effect]

e. g. acid and alkali

Answer 20

irritants

Question 21

-Affect the CNS

e.g hallucinogens

Answer 21

Neurotics

Question 22

• stimulate growth of cancer cell

e.g., industrial poison

Answer 22

Carcinogens

Question 23

• cause difficulty of breathing

e. g methane gas, carbon monoxide

Answer 23

asphyxiants

Question 24

stimulate the flow of tears

eg organophosphorus

Answer 24

lacrimators

Question 25

- cause excessive sneezing e. g veratrine

Answer 25

Stimulators

Question 26

-produce muscular weakness e. g neuromuscular blockers

Answer 26

Asthenic

Question 27

- produce mental weakness/ depression e. g sedative/hypnotic

Answer 27

Narcotics

Question 28

The taking up of a chemical into the body either orally, through inhalation or via skin exposure.

Answer 28

absorption

Question 29

. An immediate toxic response following a single or short-term exposure to an agent or dose

Answer 29

acute toxicity

Question 30

When exposure to more than one toxic agent results in the same effect as would be predicted by the sum of the effects of exposure to the individual agents.

Answer 30

additive effect.

Question 31

. When exposure to one toxic agent causes a decrease in the effect produced by another toxic agent.

Answer 31

antagonism

Question 32

. Bioterrorism agent placed in letters on 9/11 that killed 5 and become one of the worst biological attacks in US history

Answer 32

Anthrax

Question 33

Odorless, tasteless poison commonly used for poisoning in the 17th through 19th centuries

Answer 33

Arsenic

Question 34

Post-mortem examination of the body

Answer 34

Autopsy

Question 35

A test for measuring the toxicity of an agent by exposing laboratory animals to the agent and observing the effects of health outcomes.

Answer 35

bioassay

Question 36

A chemical substance or other agent that causes cancer.

Answer 36

carcinogen.

Question 37

In toxicology, the action of causing or producing an effect as a result of ingestion, inhalation, dermal absorption or other exposure route to a toxic substance.

Answer 37

causation.

Question 38

A toxic response to long-term exposure or dose of an agent.

Answer 38

chronic toxicity.

Question 39

A graphic representation of the relationship between the dose of a chemical administered and the effect produced.

Answer 39

dose-response curve.

Question 40

The extent to which a living organism responds to specific doses of a toxic substance. The more time spent in contact with a toxic substance, or the higher the dose, the greater the org small dose of carbon monoxide will cause drowsiness; a large dose can be fatal.

Answer 40

dose-response relationships.

Question 41

The intake into the body of a hazardous material. The main routes of exposure to substances are through the skin, mouth, and lungs.

Answer 41

exposure.

Question 42

Likelihood that injury will occur in a given situation or setting.

Answer 42

hazard

Question 43

- substances that are foreign to the body or to an ecological system. it may be grouped as carcinogens, drugs, environmental pollutants, food additives, hydrocarbons, and pesticides.

Answer 43

Xenobiotics

Question 44

It is a central concept in toxicology. It is a framework around which all hazard assessment testing is performed and dose–response model extrapolations are based and from which environmental regulations are derived. I

Answer 44

dose–response relationship

Question 45

Injected poisons are more toxic as compared to poisons swallowed.

Question 46

As the dose is increased, probability of toxicity increases

Question 47

Poisons which are highly lipid-soluble are absorbed via the skin. Persons with high water solubility maybe absorbed faster orally as that with poor water solubility.

Question 48

The liver of pediatric patients is not yet fully developed which may caused the accumulation of drugs even it is given at normal doses. Geriatric patients have slower metabolizing rates as compared to adults aged 20-40.

Question 49

It describes what happens to that tissue once the toxicant reaches an effective dose. ... A simple example of how behavior can impact the absorption of toxicants can be seen with smog exposures.

Answer 49

Toxicodynamics

Question 50

It describes how a toxicant (i.e., a poison) enters the body and reaches a target tissue.

Answer 50

Toxicokinetics

Question 51

It is the study of how chemical or physical agents interact with living organisms that may t and/or structure or that may initiate repair mechanisms at the molecular, cellular, and/or tissue levels.

Answer 51

Mechanism of toxicity

Question 54

. A branch of toxicology concerned with the effects of toxic agents on the immune system.

Answer 54

immunotoxicology

Question 55

Agents that require metabolic activation or conversion before they produce toxic effects in living organisms.

Answer 55

indirect-acting agents.

Question 56

. Toxicity associated with a chemical substance.

Answer 56

Intoxication

Question 57

The study of how toxic agents interact with cellular molecules including DNA. multiple-chemical hypersensitivity. A physical condition whereby individuals react to many different chemicals at extremely low exposure levels.

Answer 57

molecular toxicology.

Question 58

A branch of toxicology concerned with the effects of exposure to toxic agents on the central nervous system.

Answer 58

neurotoxicology.

Question 59

. An intentional exposure with the intent of causing self-injury or death.

Answer 59

overdose

Question 60

The highest level of exposure to an agent at which no effect is observed. It is the experimental equivalent of a threshold.

Answer 60

no observable effect level (NOEL).

Question 61

expected frequency of the occurrence of an undesirable effect arising from exposure to a chemical or chemical agent.

Answer 61

risk.

Question 62

When two toxic agents acting together have an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects.

Answer 62

synergistic effect.

Question 63

The ability to produce birth defects (teratogenic effects do not pass on to future generations).

Answer 63

teratogenic.

Question 64

A condition on which higher doses of a drug are required to produce the same effect as initial drug use

Answer 64

Tolerance.

Question 65

Usually is used when talking about toxic substances produced naturally.

Answer 65

Toxins

Question 66

It is any poisonous substance of microbial (bacteria or other tiny plants or animals), vegetable, or synthetic chemical origin that reacts with specific cellular components to kill cells, alter the growth or development, or kill the organism.

Answer 66

toxin

Question 67

- Deduced from various events or facts - Not a strong evidence

Answer 67

Circumstantial

Question 68

- Gathered after an autopsy is performed (examination of tissues, organs, body fluids after death )

Answer 68

Post-Mortem

Question 69

- Administering the suspected substance to some living animal and noting the effect or symptom.

Answer 69

Experimental

Question 70

l- Detection of suspected substance via analysis of samples of body fluids collected.

Answer 70

Chemical

Question 71

- Poisoning signs or effects are observed.

Answer 71

Symptomatic

Question 73

may be used to explain withdrawals from long term use of drugs

Answer 73

downregulation/upregulation of receptors

Question 74

it will markedly slow the HR of patient whose catecholamines are elevated but will affect the resting HR of a marathon runner

Answer 74

propranolol

Question 75

it is the desensitization that occurs very rapidly sometimes with the initial dose

Answer 75

tachyphylaxis

Question 76

it is a gradual loss of response to a drug that occurs over days or weeks

Answer 76

tolerance

Question 77

adverse effects that cannot be explained by the known mechanisms of action of the offending agent, do not occur at any dose in most patients, and develop mostly unpredictably in susceptible individuals only

Answer 77

idiosyncracy

Question 78

-shows how a population respond to a given dose -plots the cumulative number of respondents may it be beneficial effect with increasing dose

Answer 78

Quantal Dose-Response

Question 79

-shows the relationship between the degree of response with dose

Answer 79

Graded Dose-Response

Question 80

the capacity to produce an effect

Answer 80

Efficacy

Question 81

– measure of drug activity expressed in terms of the amount required to produce an effect of given intensity

Answer 81

Potency

Question 82

– degree of change in response with dose

Answer 82

Slope

Question 83

Variability, in effectiveness of a drug given to the same patient at different times can be due to; physiological and pathological factors, drug-induced variation and variation in population of patient

Question 84

it is the formal process of quantifying risk based on known hazards and the amount of exposure.

Answer 84

Risk Assessment

Question 85

A ___ in toxicology focuses on defining what types of harmful effects could occur and under what circumstances (e.g. ingestion, inhalation, skin exposure).

Answer 85

hazard evaluation

Question 86

___ and other poisonous gases were used in many wars started from WW-I in 1914 by Germans.

Answer 86

Mustard Gas

Question 87

In 15th Century in Italy, Cesar and Lucrezia Borgia assassinated many of their political rivals by poisoning with:

Answer 87

arsenic, copper and phosphorus

Question 88

It caused poisoning in hundreds of thousands from the time of Roman era till 17th and 18th century as it was used in pottery, cosmetics, paints and in automobile fuels

Answer 88

Lead