pt 4 Flashcards
(46 cards)
Why is prolonged bed rest a major risk factor for venous thrombosis?
It causes stasis of blood flow, increasing the likelihood of clot formation.
Which type of thrombosis is most commonly associated with heart attacks?
Arterial thrombosis, particularly in the coronary arteries.
What is the most effective early treatment for an acute thrombotic event?
Fibrinolytic therapy (e.g., t-PA) to dissolve the clot before permanent damage occurs.
All of the following are TRUE about arteries EXCEPT:
(D) Arteries do not have one-way valves (only veins have valves to prevent backflow).
What are the five cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
The five cardinal signs of acute inflammation are:
* Rubor (redness)
* Tumor (swelling)
* Calor (heat)
* Dolor (pain)
* Functio laesa (loss of function)
Describe the sequence of events in leukocyte recruitment during acute inflammation.
Leukocyte recruitment involves the following steps:
1. Margination and Rolling: Leukocytes move towards the endothelium and roll along its surface, mediated by selectins.
2. Adhesion: Leukocytes firmly adhere to the endothelium, mediated by integrins.
3. Transmigration (Diapedesis): Leukocytes squeeze through the intercellular spaces between endothelial cells.
4. Chemotaxis: Leukocytes migrate towards the site of injury along a chemical gradient, guided by chemoattractants.
Explain the process of phagocytosis and the mechanisms involved in killing pathogens.
Phagocytosis involves the following steps:
1. Recognition and attachment: Phagocytes recognize and bind to the pathogen.
2. Engulfment: The pathogen is engulfed by the phagocyte, forming a phagosome.
3. Phagolysosome formation: The phagosome fuses with a lysosome, forming a phagolysosome.
4. Killing and degradation: The pathogen is killed and degraded within the phagolysosome by reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and lysosomal enzymes.
What are the main types of acute inflammatory mediators and their functions?
Acute inflammatory mediators include:
* Vasoactive amines (histamine, serotonin): Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability.
* Arachidonic acid metabolites (prostaglandins, leukotrienes): Vasodilation, pain, fever, leukocyte recruitment.
* Cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6): Local and systemic effects, including fever, leukocyte activation, and acute-phase response.
* Chemokines: Leukocyte chemotaxis.
* Complement system: Opsonization, chemotaxis, cell lysis.
How does acute inflammation resolve, and what factors can influence the outcome?
Resolution of acute inflammation involves:
* Neutralization and removal of inflammatory mediators.
* Apoptosis of neutrophils.
* Clearance of debris by macrophages.
* Tissue repair and regeneration. Factors influencing the outcome include:
* Severity and duration of the initial insult.
* Nature of the injurious agent.
* Presence of underlying diseases.
* Effectiveness of the host immune response.
What are the potential complications of acute inflammation?
Complications of acute inflammation can include:
* Abscess formation: Collection of pus within a tissue.
* Sepsis: Systemic inflammatory response to infection.
* Chronic inflammation: Persistent inflammation leading to tissue damage and fibrosis.
* Scar formation: Excessive deposition of collagen during tissue repair.
How can acute inflammation be beneficial to the host?
Acute inflammation is a critical part of the innate immune response and plays a vital role in:
* Eliminating pathogens: Destroying and removing harmful microbes and foreign substances.
* Initiating tissue repair: Promoting healing and regeneration of damaged tissue.
* Preventing further injury: Limiting the spread of infection or damage.
What is nomenclature in the context of pathology and medicine?
Nomenclature is the system of names used in pathology and medicine.
Why is it important to have a uniform nomenclature for diseases?
Uniform nomenclature helps communication and enables accurate epidemiological studies.
What do the suffixes “-itis”, “-oma”, and “-osis” mean in disease nomenclature?
- -itis: Indicates an inflammatory process (e.g., appendicitis).
- -oma: Indicates a tumor (e.g., carcinoma).
- -osis: Indicates an abnormal increase (e.g., atherosclerosis).
What do the suffixes “-oid”, “-plasia”, and “-opathy” mean in disease nomenclature?
- -oid: Means bearing a resemblance to (e.g., rheumatoid disease).
- -plasia: Indicates a disorder of growth (e.g., hyperplasia).
- -opathy: Indicates an abnormal state lacking specific characteristics (e.g., cardiomyopathy).
What are eponymous names in the context of disease nomenclature?
Eponymous names are diseases or lesions named after a person or place associated with them (e.g., Graves’ disease, Crohn’s disease).
What are the aims of disease classification/identification?
The aims of disease classification are to:
* Determine the best treatment.
* Estimate the prognosis.
* Ascertain the cause so the disease can be prevented in the future.
What is the most widely used basis for disease classification?
The most widely used disease classifications are based on causes (etiology) and underlying mechanisms (pathogenesis).
Define and differentiate between genetic, acquired, and congenital diseases.
- Genetic diseases: Caused by abnormalities in the genome. Most are inherited, but ~15-20% occur due to new mutations.
- Acquired diseases: Caused by environmental factors.
- Congenital diseases: Initiated before or during birth. Can be genetic or non-genetic.
What are the two main types of congenital diseases?
- Genetic: Inherited from parents or caused by genetic mutations before birth (e.g., Down’s syndrome).
- Non-genetic: Caused by external interference with normal embryonic and fetal development (e.g., deafness and cardiac abnormalities).
What are the different classifications of acquired diseases based on pathogenesis?
Acquired diseases can be classified as:
* Inflammatory.
* Haemodynamic.
* Growth disorders.
* Injury and disordered repair.
* Disordered immunity.
* Metabolic and degenerative disorders.
What is the definition of “disease”?
A disease is a condition in which the presence of an abnormality in the body causes a loss of normal health.
Explain the two ways in which the terms “primary” and “secondary” are used in disease nomenclature.
- Causation:
- Primary: Disease without an apparent cause (also called essential, idiopathic, spontaneous, or cryptogenic).
- Secondary: Disease that is a complication or manifestation of some underlying lesion.
- Stages of a disease: To distinguish between the initial and subsequent stages, most commonly used with cancer.
What is the difference between “acute” and “chronic” diseases?
- Acute: Rapid onset, often (but not always) followed by a rapid resolution.
- Chronic: May follow an acute initial episode and has a prolonged course lasting months or years.
