pt17

Question 1

What stimulus type is when stress triggers adrenaline release via sympathetic nerves?

Answer 1

Neural regulation.

Question 2

What feedback mechanism keeps hormone levels in check?

Answer 2

Negative feedback from end-organ hormones.

Question 3

Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates TSH release?

Answer 3

Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH).

Question 4

Which hypothalamic hormone inhibits growth hormone release?

Answer 4

Somatostatin.

Question 5

Which two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?

Answer 5

ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin.

Question 6

What is the effect of ADH on the kidney’s collecting ducts?

Answer 6

Increases water reabsorption.

Question 7

What physiological change does oxytocin trigger during labor?

Answer 7

Uterine contractions.

Question 8

Which anterior pituitary hormone drives milk production?

Answer 8

Prolactin.

Question 9

Which hypothalamic factor tonically inhibits prolactin?

Answer 9

Dopamine.

Question 10

What does GH (growth hormone) primarily do?

Answer 10

Stimulates growth and protein synthesis.

Question 11

Which two pituitary hormones regulate the gonads?

Answer 11

FSH (follicle-stimulating) and LH (luteinizing).

Question 12

What is the three-level axis for thyroid regulation?

Answer 12

Hypothalamus → TRH → Pituitary → TSH → Thyroid → T3/T4.

Question 13

What effect do T3/T4 have on metabolism?

Answer 13

Increase basal metabolic rate.

Question 14

What is the axis controlling cortisol release?

Answer 14

Hypothalamus → CRH → Pituitary → ACTH → Adrenal cortex → Cortisol.

Question 15

Name one catabolic action of cortisol.

Answer 15

Stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Question 16

What happens in an Addisonian crisis?

Answer 16

Acute cortisol deficiency causing hypotension and electrolyte imbalances.

Question 17

Which test helps distinguish Cushing’s disease from Cushing’s syndrome?

Answer 17

Low-dose dexamethasone suppression test.

Question 18

What is the key endocrine function of the endocrine pancreas?

Answer 18

Secreting insulin and glucagon from islet cells.

Question 19

Which cell type makes insulin?

Answer 19

Pancreatic β-cells.

Question 20

Which cell type makes glucagon?

Answer 20

Pancreatic α-cells.

Question 21

What is the main action of insulin on muscle and fat?

Answer 21

Increases glucose uptake.

Question 22

How does glucagon raise blood glucose?

Answer 22

By promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Question 23

Which type of diabetes is autoimmune β-cell destruction?

Answer 23

Type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Question 24

What characterizes type 2 diabetes?

Answer 24

Insulin resistance plus relative insulin deficiency.

Question 25

How do GLP-1 analogues aid weight loss?

Answer 25

They enhance satiety and slow gastric emptying.

Question 26

Which endocrine tumor secretes excess prolactin?

Answer 26

Prolactinoma.

Question 27

How is prolactinoma usually treated medically?

Answer 27

With dopamine-agonists like cabergoline.

Question 28

What is hypopituitarism?

Answer 28

Deficient secretion of one or more pituitary hormones.

Question 29

Name one cause of hypopituitarism.

Answer 29

Pituitary apoplexy.

Question 30

Which congenital syndrome causes GnRH deficiency and anosmia?

Answer 30

Kallmann’s syndrome.

Question 31

How do you distinguish primary from secondary hypothyroidism biochemically?

Answer 31

Primary: ↑ TSH, ↓ T4; Secondary: ↓ TSH, ↓ T4.

Question 32

Why measure both a pituitary and an end-organ hormone?

Answer 32

To localize the site of dysfunction.

Question 33

Which hormone family includes cortisol and aldosterone?

Answer 33

Adrenal corticosteroids (steroids).

Question 34

How are peptide hormones usually administered clinically?

Answer 34

By injection, since they’re degraded orally.

Question 35

How are steroids typically given?

Answer 35

Orally, as tablets.

Question 36

What’s the difference between autocrine and paracrine signaling?

Answer 36

Autocrine acts on the same cell; paracrine on nearby cells.

Question 37

Which are the classic endocrine glands?

Answer 37

Pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, thymus, adrenal.

Question 38

What is endocrinology?

Answer 38

The study of hormones—chemical messengers released from one part of the body that travel in the bloodstream to affect distant target cells and integrate body functions.

Question 39

Who first coined the term “hormone” and when?

Answer 39

Ernest H. Starling in 1905 during lectures at the Royal College of Physicians.

Question 40

Which are the classic endocrine glands?

Answer 40

Pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes.

Question 41

Name four non‐traditional organs that also secrete hormones.

Answer 41

Gut (gut hormones), heart (atrial natriuretic peptide), kidney (renin), adipose tissue (leptin), placenta (hCG, hPL).

Question 42

What are the four major chemical classes of hormones?

Answer 42

Amino acid derivatives (amines), peptides, proteins, and steroids.

Question 43

How do non‐steroid (water‐soluble) hormones act?

Answer 43

Bind to cell‐surface receptors, activate G‐proteins, generate second messengers (e.g., cAMP) to elicit rapid cellular responses.

Question 44

How do steroid (lipid‐soluble) hormones act?

Answer 44

Diffuse through cell membranes, bind intracellular receptors, hormone–receptor complexes enter nucleus to modulate gene transcription (slower but longer‐lasting).

Question 45

What are the three types of hormonal regulation stimuli?

Answer 45

Humoral: changes in blood ion/nutrient levels; Hormonal: other hormones (e.g., hypothalamic → pituitary); Neural: direct autonomic nerve stimulation.

Question 46

What is the role of negative feedback in endocrinology?

Answer 46

End‐organ hormones inhibit their own secretion at hypothalamus and pituitary to maintain hormone levels within narrow ranges.

Question 47

What are the main functions of the hypothalamus in endocrine control?

Answer 47

Integrates neural inputs, produces releasing/inhibiting peptides, regulates anterior and posterior pituitary hormone secretion.

Question 48

Name four hypothalamic releasing hormones and their targets.

Answer 48

TRH → TSH (thyroid); CRH → ACTH (adrenal cortex); GnRH → LH/FSH (gonads); GHRH → GH (pituitary).

Question 49

Which hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary?

Answer 49

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin) and oxytocin.

Question 50

What are the main actions of ADH?

Answer 50

V2 receptors: increases water permeability in renal collecting ducts (water retention); V1 receptors: vasoconstriction of vascular smooth muscle.