PT

Question 1

Change in muscle length and spindle tension

Answer 1

GTO’s

Question 2

Deep sensory proprioceptors

Answer 2

GTO’s, pacinian, ruffini

Question 3

change in jt. position and vibration

Answer 3

pacinian

Question 4

joint end range, possible heat(as deep proprioceptor), skin stretch/pressure(superficial sensory receptor)

Answer 4

ruffini

Question 5

superficial sensory pressure and touch

Answer 5

meissners & pacinian

Question 6

superficial sking stretch/pressure

Answer 6

ruffini, merkle

Question 7

4 stages of healing

Answer 7

hemostasis, inflammatory, proliferation, remodeling

Question 8

3 stages of healing

Answer 8

inflammation, repair, remodel

Question 9

AKA: Repair Phase• Angiogenesis - new capillaries• Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts• Extracellular matrix

Answer 9

proliferation phase of healing

Question 10

AKA: Maturation Phase• Scar contraction– Can lead to joint adhesion and loss of motion• Decrease of blood vessels• Type III collagen replaced by Type I• Collagen aligns along stress lines• Cross-linking continues

Answer 10

remodeling phase

Question 11

ability of a material to store a charge

Answer 11

capacitence

Question 12

ohm’s law-

Answer 12

voltage=current x resistance V=IxR

Question 13

Direct Current (DC)• AKA: Galvanic• Net charge– Positive and negative electrode– Charge builds up in the tissue

Answer 13

monophasic current

Question 14

Alternating Current (AC)– Flow of electrons changes direction regularly• Changes polarity

Answer 14

biphasic current

Question 15

Minimum amplitude needed to depolarize a nerve fiber when phase duration is infinite

Answer 15

rheobase

Question 16

the time (or phase duration) required to depolarize a nerve fiber when the peak current is twice rheobase

Answer 16

chronaxie

Question 17

Stimulation at high frequency near refractory period of the sensory nerve causes inhibition

Answer 17

Wedenski’s inhibition

Question 18

high frequency generators(>100,000hz)=

Answer 18

diathermy

Question 19

med frequency generators(1,000-100,000hz)=

Answer 19

russian stim

Question 20

Combination of constructive and destructive wave interference resulting in a wave with a beat effect

Answer 20

heterodyne

Question 21

What electric stim uses heterodyne?

Answer 21

interferential

Question 22

4 types of interferential?

Answer 22

True Interferential Current, Premod, Vector Scan, Stereodynamic

Question 23

Same as IF but interference occurs in machine, not body• Pain relief• Good for small treatment areas– use 2 electrodes on either side of the pain• Allows for effective pain control with 2 electrodes

Answer 23

premod

Question 24

Quadripolar electrode placement• Uses true interferential current• Varies the amplitude between the channels• Cloverleaf pattern rotates• Larger treatment area

Answer 24

vector scan

Question 25

3 channels• 6 electrodes• 3D Interference pattern = 6-petal flower shape

Answer 25

stereodynamic

Question 26

Pain reduction– Acute and chronic• Muscle strengthening / re-education– Especially pelvic floor– Secondary consideration– Russian Stim. is better (traditionally)• Increased circulation– Only with suction electrode systems– Due to suction not IFC• Slow bowel transit (not much evidence

Answer 26

indications for IFC

Question 27

Anterior cervical area• Through the chest• Through the head• Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrilator(ICD)• Abdomen, pelvis, lumbar areas of pregnant women in their first trimester• Metal implants• Epilepsy• Areas of hemorrhage• Cancer• Confused and unreliable patients• Damaged skin• Unknown etiology

Answer 27

contraindications IFC

Question 28

- Makes use of duty cycles (on/off cycles) to cause muscle contraction for muscle strengthening - indications= Muscle re-education – Retard atrophy– Muscle strengthening – Decrease muscle spasm through fatigue

Answer 28

russian stim

Question 29

• Anterior cervical area• Through the chest• Through the head• Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrilator(ICD)• Abdomen, pelvis, lumbar areas of pregnant women in their first trimester• Metal implants• Epilepsy• Areas of hemorrhage• Cancer• Confused and unreliable patients• Damaged skin• Unknown etiology

Answer 29

contraindications for russian stim

Question 30

Primary Indications:– Retrain lost muscle function from inhibition following injury or surgery – Decrease muscle atrophy from periods of immobilization• Secondary Indication:– Decrease muscle spasm -Goal is to stimulate alpha motor neurons causing a strong muscle contraction

Answer 30

NMES, neuromuscular electric stimulation

Question 31

Stimulation of nerves through the skin

Answer 31

TENS: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

Question 32

types of TENS stimulation

Answer 32

Sensory level stimulation• Conventional TENS mode– Motor level stimulation• Acupuncture-like TENS mode• Burst TENS mode– Noxious level stimulation• Brief-Intense TENS mode– Modulation mode

Question 33

TENS stim type: Target tissue– Large-diameter A-beta fibers• Submotor stimulation • Comfortable level – tingling sensation• Acute pain • Post surgically• Used in Conventional TENS mode - Pain relief is through pain gating– Lasts only as long as the stimulation• Often combined with ice or heat– Reduce muscle spasm– Relaxation– Analgesia

Answer 33

Sensory level stim

Question 34

Causes depolarization of Alpha motor neurons• More vigorous than sensory TENS• Not for acute conditions!– Subacute and chronic• Theorized to release endogenous opiates • Longer pain relief but may be delayed onset (hours)• Used in Acupuncture-like Mode– Target is A-Beta and Alpha motor neurons• Used in Burst Mode– Target is Alpha motor neurons and Delta fibers

Answer 34

motor level stim

Question 35

Stimulates C-fibers• Elicits pain relief through endogenous opiates• Commonly used with point stimulators– High density of current in small space– Often used on trigger points• Used in Brief-Intense mode

Answer 35

noxious level stim

Question 36

Electro Galvanic Stimulation, voltage > 150V (up to 500)• Must have twin peak monophasic (DC) current, -allows deeper penetration – Twin peaks does not allow small sensory fibers (A-delta and C) to be stimulated (increased comfort)• Average current remains low due to short phase duration resulting in a safe current• Duration of both peaks usually is between 100 and 200 microseconds– Phase duration can not be adjusted

Answer 36

high voltage stimulation

Question 37

Stimulate healing • wound healing, germicidal

Answer 37

highvolt and microcurrent

Question 38

Decrease edema– Decrease spasm / guarding(Pelvic floor)

Answer 38

highvolt