PT1

Question 1

The manufacture issues amendments to the POH, what would happen if these weren’t includes in the POH?

Answer 1

The air Worthiness of the aircraft would be effected.

Question 2

True or False. The state may issue flight manual supplements and these always over-ride data from the manufacture.

Answer 2

True.

Question 3

What is MAUW

Answer 3

Maximum all up weight is the maximum amount of weight the aircraft can take.

Question 4

The Utility Category is used when the aircraft is below a weight limit other than the MAUW and/or other closure tolerances of permitted Center of Gravity limits. What is allowed in this category that is restricted at MAUW.

Answer 4

Certain manoeuvres may be performed when the aircraft is in the Utility Category.

Question 5

True or False. The Normal Category is when the aircraft configuration is always within the MAUW limits, CofG limits and the Utility category.

Answer 5

False.

Typically this is when the aircraft falls outside the utility category but within the MAUW and CofG limits

Question 6

What is MTOM

Answer 6

Maximum Take-off mass is the total mass allowed for take-off

Question 7

What is MLM

Answer 7

Maximum Landing Mass is the total mass allowed for Landing

Question 8

What is MZFM

Answer 8

Maximum Zero Fuel Mass is the total amount allowed without useable fuel. Limits the weight on the fuselage

Question 9

What is BEM

Answer 9

The Basic Empty Mass is the mass of the airframe, engine (including the oil) and fixed equipment or other items required for flight, Plus unusable fuel.

Question 10

What does UF stand for?

Answer 10

Useable fuel.

Question 11

What is the Traffic Load (TF)

Answer 11

Total mass of the passengers, baggage, cargo and non-revenue load.

Question 12

What is the DOM?

Answer 12

The Dry Operating Mass is the total mass ready for operations excluding all useable fuel and Traffic load.

Question 13

What is the Payload of an aircraft?

Answer 13

The spare mass available for passengers and luggage after the aircraft is configured for the journey, including pilots and fuel.

Question 14

A specific/individual aircraft has a pre-determined mass according to equipment installed within done by a weighing report. What does this mass include and when does an aircraft need to be reweighed?

Answer 14

The mass of the weighing report includes the empty mass of the aircraft plus engine oil and unusable fuel. The aircraft must be reweighed when it has equipments installed or removed, or it has a paint re-spray.

Question 15

What are the three handling effect’s of more reward CofG.

Answer 15

1. Elevator becomes more sensitive
2. Less input is required to change attitude
   3.This can lead to over controlling

Question 16

Does more forward CofG make the elevator become more or less sensitive? And what does this lead to?

Answer 16

More Forward CofG makes the Elevator less sensitive and requires more input to change attitudes. This can lead to Under controlling.

Question 17

The CofG is usually referenced to a fixed point, what is this name of the fixed point?

Answer 17

Datum.

Question 18

How is the CofG measured from the datum?

Answer 18

By a distance using inches or cm/m.

Question 19

What is the calculation of Moment?

Answer 19

Moment = Weight x Arm

Question 19

What is the arm?

Answer 19

Variable load items will have an arm which is the distance of the item from the datum.

Question 20

After calculating the weight and moment’s for each variable item how is the overall CofG calculated.

Answer 20

The weight of all items are calculated to give a total, all the moments of all items are calculated to give a total. Using the total of the Moment and the weight, divide the weight by the moment which will give the total average arm. Use the arm figure and total aircraft mass to calculate wether the aircraft is within limits in the POH.

Question 21

What is the specific Gravity for AVGAS, what is more dense water or AVGAS?

Answer 21

The specific Gravity of AVGAS is 0.72, AVGAS is less dense than water, the AVGAS will sit on top of the water. Water and sediment sinks to the bottom of the fuel tanks where the drains are.

Question 22

Zero Fuel weight Center of Gravity can be calculated in the same way but what is not included in the calculation?

Answer 22

In zero fuel weight Center of Gravity calculations the useable fuel is not included.

Question 23

What are the three factors that effects performance?

Answer 23

Aerodynamic, Thrust and Generic.

Question 24

How does air density affect the aerodynamic performance of an aircraft?

Answer 24

If the air is less dense it means that there is less lift available.

Question 25

The airframe can effect the aerodynamic performance of an aircraft by the weight gain due to corrosion, polish layers, dust and dirt embedded in the cockpit, what else could effect?

Answer 25

The cleanliness, external surface finishes deteriorates with age and can lead to an increase in airframe drag.

Question 26

True or False? Less dense air leads to more oxygen which provides less thrust during the internal combustion process (more power).

Answer 26

False. Less dense air means less oxygen, this means there is less energy available during the internal combustion process. (less power)

Question 27

Name 3 reasons why the engine age/condition effects thrust performance?

Answer 27

Performance of an engine decreases with age due to wear and tear, seals, compression ratios (piston ring seals), etc.

Question 28

What does generic Performance factors mean?

Answer 28

The pilots skill will decrease performance due to not being as experienced as the test pilot. The air at altitude is less dense so the aircraft must physically travel faster through the air (TAS) so the IAS can register the same value as flying at lower altitudes (ISA conditions).

Question 29

What is VLO?

Answer 29

Maximum speed for landing gear operations.

Question 30

What is VLE?

Answer 30

Maximum speed with Landing gear extended.

Question 31

What is VFE?

Answer 31

Maximum speed for full flap extended.

Question 32

What is VNO?

Answer 32

Maximum structural smooth air cruising speed.

Question 33

What is VA?

Answer 33

Design manoeuvring speed.

Question 34

What is VFTO?

Answer 34

Final Take-off Speed.

Question 35

What is VMC when relating to aircraft speeds?

Answer 35

The minimum control airspeed with the critical engine inoperative.

Question 36

What is VREF?

Answer 36

Referenced Landing Speed.

Question 37

What is VX?

Answer 37

Speed for best angle of climb.

Question 38

What is VY?

Answer 38

Speed for best rate of climb.

Question 39

If manufactures do not provide figures for some factors what should be used?

Answer 39

The generic factors issued by the CAA.

Question 40

What is an additional safety factor?

Answer 40

Safety factor added for manufactures not adding for safety margins.

Question 41

How are factors calculated in the performance?

Answer 41

Write down all factors that need to be included in the calculation, multiply each one to get a total factor. Multiply this total factor onto the original 'distance' to get the answer. | NOT ONE FACTOR AT A TIME, ALL AT ONCE.

Question 42

The air density ( /aircraft performance) is effected by what?

Answer 42

The air density is effected by Atmospheric pressure, Air temperature and Humidity.

Question 43

What is atmospheric pressure and how can it change?

Answer 43

Atmospheric pressure is the weight of the air at the surface caused by gravity. This can change because of the weather (high/low pressure systems) and/or the water vapour content (water vapour weighs less than air).

Question 44

What happens to the Air density and Atmospheric Pressure when the altitude increases/decreases.

Answer 44

When altitude increase's the the air density and atmospheric pressure reply the same by decreasing, when altitude increases both increase.

Question 45

What happens to the air temperature when there is an increase of any 1000ft.

Answer 45

The temperature decrease by 1.98 degrees Celsius in the Troposphere (around 2 degrees every 1000ft)

Question 46

True or False. As temperature increase the air density decreases.

Answer 46

True. Cooler air becomes more dense as there's less energy/movement. Warmer air becomes less dense as there's more energy/movement.

Question 47

What has more effect on air density, the increase of altitude which decreases air density or the decrease temperature which increase air density?

Answer 47

The decrease in air density due to an increase in altitude has more of an effect.

Question 48

What weighs more dry air or humid air?

Answer 48

Dry air weighs more than humid air as water vapour is less dense so less heavy.

Question 49

What pressure system is moist air associated with?

Answer 49

Moist air is associated with low pressure system's.

Question 50

How does temperature effect the amount of water vapour air can contain and where is higher humidity found?

Answer 50

The higher the temperature the more the more water vapour the air can contain. Higher humidity is found at lower altitudes where the temperature is higher.

Question 51

What is the International Standard Atmosphere required for? ## Footnote Name four reasons.

Answer 51

This is used for the aircraft performance calculations, the standard separation of commercial traffic at higher altitudes, for expected temperature's at altitudes and to calculate forecasts.

Question 52

Every how many feet does the pressure change and by how much?

Answer 52

Every 30ft the pressure decrease by 1hpa. Only up to 20,000ft.

Question 53

What is the ISA temperature, Pressure and density? ## Footnote Include units of measurements

Answer 53

Temperature: 15 degrees (celcius) Pressure : 1013.3 hpa Density : 1.225kg/m3

Question 54

True or False. Aircraft performance is set on ISA conditions and requires pilots to calculate any difference.

Answer 54

True.

Question 55

Regardless of the actual altitude the aircraft is flying, the aircraft will perform at an altitude equal to what?

Answer 55

The density altitude.

Question 56

How is Density altitude calculated?

Answer 56

Must correct out current altitude for difference in ISA atmospheric Pressure changes which will give pressure altitude. Then finally correct pressure altitude for difference to ISA air temperature at that altitude for density altitude.

Question 57

How is density altitude calculated on the flight computer?

Answer 57

After calculating the pressure altitude use the airspeed window and set the temperature to the OAT degrees against the calculated pressure altitude. Then in the Density altitude window read off the answer.

Question 58

What is the Take-off Safety factor?

Answer 58

x1.33%

Question 59

What is the Landing Safety factor?

Answer 59

x1.43%

Question 60

What are datums calculated in?

Answer 60

Inches

Question 61

Does weight effect best gliding range?

Answer 61

No