Public Health And Behavioural Science

Question 1

What are the 3 domains of public health

Answer 1

Health improvement
Health protection
Health services delivery

Question 2

What are the 3 drivers of public health

Answer 2

Cost effectiveness
Population health needs
Ethics and values

Question 3

Define health

Answer 3

A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing

Question 4

How is burden of disease measured

Answer 4

DALYs

Question 5

What is a DALY

Answer 5

Disability adjusted life year

Question 6

What is a QALY

Answer 6

Quality adjusted life year

Question 7

Define self efficacy

Answer 7

A persons confidence to perform a particular behaviour

Question 8

What are the 5 stages of eliciting change in the transtheoretical model

Answer 8

Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance

Question 9

What does the dual processing theory suggest

Answer 9

Behaviour is controlled by 2 processes:
Deliberate or reflective
Implicit or impulsive

Question 10

What does it mean if evidence is reliable

Answer 10

Under the same conditions, results can be replicated at another time by other people

Question 11

What does it mean if evidence is valid

Answer 11

Variables are defines, theory base is credible and research methods are comprehensive and reliable

Question 12

What is considered the gold standard research method

Answer 12

Randomised control trial

Question 13

What is a meta analysis

Answer 13

Secondary analysis of primary research data

Question 14

Phase 1 of a drug trial

Answer 14

Tests the safety and dosage of a new treatment in humans

Question 15

Phase 2 of a drug trial

Answer 15

Tests the effectiveness and side effects of a new treatment in a specific disease

Question 16

Phase 3 of a drug trial

Answer 16

Tests the comparison of a new treatment with a standard treatment in a larger population

Question 17

Phase 4 of a drug trial

Answer 17

Tests the long term benefits and risks of a new treatment

Question 18

What is a confounding variable

Answer 18

A variable associated with the outcome and the exposure where the real association may be masked or diluted

Question 19

How is the outcome of a case control design expressed

Answer 19

An odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and a p value

Question 20

Absolute risk

Answer 20

The number of new cases of a disease in an at risk population during a specified time period / total number of individuals in at risk population at the same time

Question 21

Relative risk

Answer 21

Absolute risk of all individuals exposed to a risk factor during a period of time / absolute risk of all individuals not exposed to a risk factor during the same time period

Question 22

Odds ratio

Answer 22

Odds of disease in a population exposed to a risk factor / odds of disease in population not exposed to a risk factor

Question 23

Relative risk score >1

Answer 23

Indicates increased possibility of health outcome occurring

Question 24

Relative risk score <1

Answer 24

Indicates reduced possibility that the health outcome will occur

Question 25

Accuracy

Answer 25

How close the results are to the true value

Question 26

Precision

Answer 26

The reproducibility of an analytical result

Question 27

Internal quality control

Answer 27

Expected results are known, actual results are compared with previous results

Question 28

External quality control

Answer 28

Samples are circulated by and external lab to lots of other labs

Question 29

Sensitivity

Answer 29

Tells you how good the test is at identifying disease

Question 30

Specificity

Answer 30

Measure of how good the test is at identifying health

Question 31

Positive predictive value

Answer 31

The percentage of people with a positive test who have the disease

Question 32

Negative predictive value

Answer 32

The percentage of people with a negative test who do not have the disease

Question 33

What is screening

Answer 33

The process of identifying apparently healthy people who may be at risk of a disease or condition

Question 34

Incidence

Answer 34

The rate of new cases of a disease occurring in a population over a particular period of time

Question 35

Prevalence

Answer 35

Number of cases of a disease in a specific population at a particular time or over a specified period of time

Question 36

How to calculate sensitivity

Answer 36

Number of results where disease is detected in people with the disease/ number of people with the disease x 100

Question 37

How to calculate specificity

Answer 37

Number of negative results where the disease is not detected in people who don’t have the disease / number of people without the disease x 100

Question 38

How to calculate positive predictive value

Answer 38

Number of people with a positive test who have the disease / number of people with a positive test result x 100

Question 39

How to calculate negative predictive value

Answer 39

Number of people who have a negative test result and don’t have the disease / number of people with a negative test result x 100

Question 40

Lead time bias

Answer 40

Survival time seems to increase due to earlier detection which may occur before symptoms

Question 41

Primary prevention

Answer 41

Aims to prevent disease or injury before it occurs

Question 42

Secondary prevention

Answer 42

Aims to reduce the impact of a disease or an injury that has already occurred

Question 43

Tertiary prevention

Answer 43

Aims to soften the impact of ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects

Question 44

Planetary health

Answer 44

The health of human civilisation and the state of the natural system in which it depends

Question 45

Sustainable healthcare

Answer 45

System that protects the health of current and future generations whilst minimising its environmental and social costs

Question 46

What is the largest environmental cause of disease and death

Answer 46

Pollution