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PY6010 > Public Health & Cancer > Flashcards

Public Health & Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What are some factors that can increase the risk of cancer?

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Sun exposure
  3. Gender (breast/cervical for female, prostate for men)
  4. Food
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2
Q

Which specific patients are more prone to bowel cancer?

A

Patients with IBD (ulcerative colitis/crohn’s disease)

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3
Q

What can be detected in the early stages of bowel cancer and how can they be removed?

A

Polyps and wart-like growths on the walls of the bowels.

They can be removed via endoscopy.

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of bowel cancer?

A
  1. Persistent change in bowel habits - going more often or loose stool for >3 weeks
  2. Bleeding from the anus with no reason
  3. Abdominal pain
  4. Unexplained iron deficiency
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5
Q

What are the some causes of bowel cancer?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. People with IBD (>9 years)
  3. Diet/lifestyle
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6
Q

How does the process of screening bowel cancer work?

A

FOB: Faecal occult blood.

This process detects any blood hidden in the faeces.

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7
Q

What is the bowel scope screening test?

A

It involves a Dr/nurse using a thin flexible instrument to look inside the lower part of the bowel to remove any polyps or small growths that could eventually lead to cancer.

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8
Q

What are the treatment options available for bowel cancer?

A
  1. Surgery

2. Chemotherapy or radiotherapy for advanced cancers

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9
Q

What are the 3 levels of service that pharmacists offer to cancer patients?

A

Level 1: Baseline service
- the pharmacist just checks the dose and dispenses the anti-cancer drugs normally

Level 2: Specialised service
- the pharmacist would check the anticancer drug normally, and also makes sure calculations, duration, interactions, and the regimen is locally approved.

Level 3: Advanced service (training needed)
- the pharmacist would assess the patients clinical record to ensure the anti-cancer drug is safe for them. Bloods, toxicities, and counselling also involved.

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10
Q

What are some symptoms of lung cancer?

A
  1. Persistent cough
  2. Blood in phlegm
  3. Persistent hoarseness
  4. Tiredness/lethargy
  5. Swelling of the face/neck
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11
Q

Who is more at risk of developing lung cancer?

A
  1. Current or ex-smokers
  2. > 50 years old
  3. Patients with a history of cancer
  4. COPD patients
  5. Exposure to noxious gases e.g. asbestos, radon gas, uranium, etc
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12
Q

What is the role of the pharmacist involving lung cancer patients?

A
  1. Smoking cessation
  2. Be alert for lung cancer symptoms
  3. Increase public awareness
  4. Asking questions when dispensing
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13
Q

Which type of drug reduces the risk of ovarian cancer in women?

A

The contraceptive pill (because their ovulation stops)

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14
Q

Why does ovarian cancer have poor prognosis?

A

Because it is very difficult to detect, and there is no early screening for ovarian cancer.

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15
Q

What are some symptoms of ovarian cancer?

A
  1. Bloating of the abdomen
  2. Difficulty eating and early satiation
  3. Abdominal/pelvic pain
  • Symptoms can be similar to IBD
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16
Q

Who is more at risk of ovarian cancer?

A
  1. Females >50years
  2. Women who have had no children
  3. Genetics
  4. Those using HRT
  5. Women who have endometriosis
17
Q

What is the most common symptom of bladder cancer?

A

Blood in the urine (haematuria)

18
Q

Which vaccine is given to young boys/girls to protect against cervical/oral cancers.

A

HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccine

19
Q

Which screening is offered to females to test for cervical cancer?

A

A smear test - sample of cells are taken from the cervix to be checked for HPV

20
Q

What are some symptoms of breast cancer?

A
  1. Lump/thickened area of breast tissue
  2. Discharge from nipples
  3. Lump/swelling in the armpit
  4. Rash on/around the nipple
  5. Change in size of one or both of the breasts
21
Q

Which genes do people have 2 copies of, also known as tumour suppressor genes?

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2.

22
Q

What is a person more at risk of if BRCA1 & BRCA2 genes are mutated?

A

Breast and ovarian cancer.

23
Q

What are preventative procedures that can be performed in patients with increased risk of breast/ovarian cancer?

A

Mastectomy: removing one or both of the breasts
Oophorectomy: removing one or both of the ovaries

24
Q

What factors can increase the risk of prostate cancer?

A
  1. > 50 years old
  2. Family history
  3. Mutations in BRCA2 gene
  4. Poor lifestyle
25
Q

What are some examples of symptoms of prostate cancer?

A
  1. Polyuria
  2. Weak flow
  3. Straining or taking long to urinate
  4. Rushing to the toilet
  5. Feeling your bladder hasn’t emptied fully

PY6010 (23 decks)

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