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PY6010 > Introduction to Immunology > Flashcards

Introduction to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of some pathogens?

A
  • Fungi
  • Parasites
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
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2
Q

What molecules, proteins and cells can be found in the blood?

A
  • Leukocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • T & B cells
  • Phagocytes
  • Antibodies
  • Monocytes
  • Mast cells
  • Dendritic cells
  • Cytokines
  • Macrophages
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3
Q

Leukocytes is an umbrella term for which 3 types of cells?

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Phagocytes
  3. Auxiliary cells
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4
Q

What are some examples of lymphocytes, and what mediators do they release?

A
  1. B cells: antibodies
  2. T cells: cytokines
  3. Large granular lymphocytes: cytokines
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5
Q

What are some examples of phagocytes, and what mediators do they release?

A
  1. Mononuclear phagocytes: cytokines & complement
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Eosinophils
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6
Q

What are some examples of auxiliary cells, and what do they release?

A
  1. Basophils
  2. Mast cells
  3. Platelets

They all release inflammatory mediators

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7
Q

What is the difference between the innate and the adaptive immune system?

A

Innate: it is the body’s 1st line of defence.

Adaptive: it is where the immune system adapts as the pathogen adapts, e.g. a flu.

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8
Q

What is the difference between cellular adaptive immunity and humoral adaptive immunity?

A

Cellular: T cells attack infected body cells that display the antigen on its surface (protects against intracellular pathogens).

Humoral: B cells produce antibodies after being activated by antigens in the blood (protects against extracellular pathogens).

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9
Q

What are some examples of some exterior defences of the body?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucosal membranes
  3. Cilia secretions
  4. Tissue fluid with antimicrobial agents
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10
Q

Where do most cells of the immune system derive from?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells, in the bone marrow.

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11
Q

What do cells of the immune system have on their surface which helps in identifying them (like markers)?

A

They contain CD (cluster differentiation) markers.

CD4: T helper cells
CD8: cytotoxic T cells

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12
Q

What are phagocytes responsible for?

A

They engulf, internalise & destroy pathogens

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13
Q

Which type of cell is known for being short-lived?

A

Neutrophils

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14
Q

What do monocytes develop into, & where are they involved?

A

Monocytes develop into macrophages, & are involved in chronic inflammation.

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15
Q

Which type of cell is found in both the innate & the adaptive immune system?

A

Natural killer (NK) cells

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16
Q

What is the function of auxiliary cells?

A

They attract leukocytes & release mediators (cytokines) to the site of inflammation.

They create a cytokine storm where lots of cytokine is released

17
Q

Which type of cells arise from allergies, and what do they release?

A

Mast cells & platelets. They release histamines.

18
Q

How do cells of the immune system recognise pathogens?

A
  • Through pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP), which is a sugar/lipid on the microbial surface & is important for the bacterial cell wall.
    It is also a ligand to some receptors & if altered, it will kill the bacteria.
  • Opsonisation can also happen, in which the pathogen is ‘tagged’ with the binding of opsonin to allow phagocytes to attack it (make food ready for -)
19
Q

What is the mechanism of phagocytosis?

A
  1. The microbe binds to the phagocyte receptor
  2. Phagocyte membrane engulfs it through endocytosis
  3. The microbe is ingested into a phagosome
  4. The Phagosome lyses with a lysosome to create a phagolysosome
  5. In the phagolysosome, degradative enzymes kill & digest the microbe
  6. The contents are released from the cell through exocytosis
20
Q

What 3 receptors are present on phagocytes that can recognise PAMPs?

A
  1. Scavenger receptors
  2. Carbohydrate receptors, e.g. lectin
  3. Toll-like receptors
21
Q

Where can neutrophils be contained in?

A

Pus.

22
Q

What are the granules in neutrophils?

A

They are lysosomes.

23
Q

Where are neutrophils found, internally?

A

They are found in tissues of bacterial invasions, where they engulf & destroy.

PY6010 (23 decks)

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