public policy 3 & 4

Question 1

3 consequences of social construction of target groups

Answer 1

instrumental benefits or burdens, positive or negative imaging, imaging lead to disproportionate policy measures

Question 2

the advantaged

Answer 2

positive light on a group that excels or has significant power

Question 3

the challengers

Answer 3

group has a lot of power, but challenges existing practices so has a negative image

Question 4

the dependents

Answer 4

group who are in a difficult position which causes them to be dependent

Question 5

the deviants

Answer 5

group that diverges from existing norms so have a negative image

Question 6

societal / public agenda

Answer 6

subjects members of a community think are negotiable

Question 7

institutional / political agenda

Answer 7

subjects from the public agenda that need political attention

Question 8

decision-making agenda

Answer 8

subjects that need to be converted into laws

Question 9

policy agenda

Answer 9

the final agenda

Question 10

agenda universe

Answer 10

all subjects relevant for political discussion

Question 11

policy problem

Answer 11

the difference of what is and what should be (benchmark)

Question 12

tamed problems

Answer 12

we know how they are built up

Question 13

untamable scientific problems

Answer 13

a discussion on the quality of knowledge

Question 14

untamable ethical problems

Answer 14

shared knowledge, but differ in values

Question 15

untamed political problems / wicked problems

Answer 15

differ in values and lack of knowledge

Question 16

barrier model

Answer 16

problems need to overcome certain barriers; first on the public, then on the political agenda

Question 17

5 characteristics barrier model

Answer 17

the more ambiguous, the bigger the public meaning, the more long-term, not too technical & the more unique

Question 18

problem stream rational perspective

Answer 18

pre-problem stage, alarmed discovery, realization of costs, decline of interests & post-problem stage

Question 19

advocacy coalition

Answer 19

different actors form a coalition to promote shared interests

Question 20

policy entrepreneurs

Answer 20

actors trying to promote / prevent policy windows

Question 21

mobilization of bias

Answer 21

exploitation of conflicts in the interests of others

Question 22

micro bias

Answer 22

small group gain attention through the use of media

Question 23

policy frames

Answer 23

underlying structures of belief, perception and appreciation to attribute social meaning to a problem

Question 24

punctuated-equilibrium theory

Answer 24

policy processes are incremental, until a policy window opens, then they become non-incremental

Question 25

politics of attention

Answer 25

actors are more occupied with their own views rather than responding to others

Question 26

negative feedback

Answer 26

preventing an issue from gaining attention by; ignoring a challenge, policy monopoly, attention shifting or contradictory argumentation

Question 27

positive feedback

Answer 27

trying to get attention to a problem by; venue shopping, mimicking, focusing events or image manipulation

Question 28

kingdom model

Answer 28

3 streams to open a policy window

Question 29

problem stream

Answer 29

a problem that needs attention

Question 30

policy stream

Answer 30

a variety of ideas in the policy primeval soup

Question 31

political stream

Answer 31

the political realm (national mood, organized political forces & elections)

Question 32

causal stories

Answer 32

instruments used by political actors to promote their interests

Question 33

mechanical cause

Answer 33

carries out action, but has no responsibility (unguided & intended)

Question 34

accidental cause

Answer 34

no one is responsible (unguided & unintended)

Question 35

intentional cause

Answer 35

direct blame (intended & purposeful)

Question 36

inadvertent cause

Answer 36

harmful side-effects of well-intended policies (purposeful & unintended)

Question 37

complex system cause

Answer 37

systems that are necessary complex

Question 38

institutional cause

Answer 38

problems caused by a web of large and long-standing organizations

Question 39

historic cause

Answer 39

social patterns tend to repeat themselves

Question 40

technocracy

Answer 40

scientists take over policy making

Question 41

3 assumptions rational policy formulation

Answer 41

nature policy problem, type of intervention needed & formulating a set of goals / values

Question 42

bounded rationality

Answer 42

imperfect information & limited capacity

Question 43

network analysis

Answer 43

mapping out the actors, their positions, interests, resources & strategies

Question 44

3 relevant power resources depend on

Answer 44

critical resource, access and control & dependency alternative resources

Question 45

6 types of resources

Answer 45

material, financial, human, formal, social / capital & information / ICT / knowledge

Question 46

7 game / strategic interactions

Answer 46

avoidance, coercion, competition, coalition formation, competition regulation, consensus & complexity reduction

Question 47

5 networks of interdependencies

Answer 47

pooled, sequential, reciprocal, sequential parallel & networked

Question 48

5 key elements of framing

Answer 48

appear to core values, personification, visualization, symbols & metaphors

Question 49

logic of consequences

Answer 49

what effect will the policy have

Question 50

logic of appropriateness

Answer 50

how much political and public support does the policy have