Public Speaking Final

Question 1

What are the four theories that have been used to explain speech anxiety?

Answer 1

Heredity Theory, Social Learning Theory, Skills Deficit Theory, and Expectancy Theory

Question 2

Which theories do we currently feel are pretty good explanations of why speakers experience speech anxiety?

Answer 2

Skills Deficit Theory and Expectancy Theory

Question 3

How does the concept of self-presentation relate to speech anxiety?

Answer 3

Speech anxiety is basically when you’re nervous about talking in front of people. Self-presentation is when you try to make yourself look good in front of others. When people feel anxious about speaking in public, they often try extra hard to present themselves well. So, they might rehearse a lot, watch their body language, or try to say things that will make them look good to the audience. It’s like trying to impress people even more because you’re worried about how they’ll see you when you speak.

Question 4

What are the various ways to reduce speech anxiety (i.e. the 8 recommendations
discussed in the online lecture and the additional recommendation discussed in
class)?

Answer 4

Don’t think of a speech as a speech, Don’t worry about exact wording, Start with an easy introduction, don’t let the audience know that you are having trouble, don’t think of anxiety (nervousness) as a bad thing, Don’t strive for perfection, don’t forget about the audience, practice, and keep speech content simple.

Question 5

What is a “performance orientation” and what is a “communication orientation”
when it comes to giving a public speech? How do these two orientations relate to
controlling speech anxiety?

Answer 5

Grand elaborate performance.
Extension of communications with others on a daily basis.

A public speech is not different from the daily communication with others.
The speech part is not scary, more effective, aspect of normal conversations. Adjust thinking
Less if a performance orientation and more of a communication orientation.

Question 6

When do speakers (at what point in the speech) experience the highest level of
speech anxiety?

Answer 6

Speakers usually feel the most nervous right at the start of their speech when they first begin talking to the audience. That’s because they’re focused on making a good impression and might worry about forgetting what to say. As the speech goes on, they often start feeling more comfortable.

Question 7

What is the relationship between arousal and performance?

Answer 7

If you’re too relaxed or not excited enough, you might not do well because you’re not motivated.

But if you’re too anxious or stressed, it can also hurt your performance because you’re overwhelmed.

Question 8

What is the relationship between speech anxiety and audience-centeredness?

Answer 8

When people feel nervous about speaking in public (speech anxiety), they often get too focused on themselves and their worries. But if they shift their focus to think more about the audience (audience-centeredness), it can help them feel less nervous. By paying attention to what the audience needs and wants, speakers can feel more confident and do a better job. So, being audience-centered can actually help reduce speech anxiety.

Question 9

What is the relationship between cognitive load and speech anxiety?

Answer 9

When people are anxious about speaking in public, it can make it harder for them to think clearly and remember what they want to say (that’s cognitive load). At the same time, when they’re struggling to think clearly, it can make them even more anxious. So, anxiety and cognitive load can feed off each other, making it tough to give a good speech.

Question 10

Why is speech delivery important?

Answer 10

engages your audience, establishes credibility, makes an impact, and builds connections with listener

Question 11

According to recent nonverbal research (from Levasseur & Munz), which is more
important: speech content or speech delivery (be certain that you are able to use
the Elaboration Likelihood Model to explain the answer to this question)?

Answer 11

speech delivery

Question 12

According to Levasseur & Munz’s recent research, what aspects of speech
delivery are most important to an audience’s evaluation of a public speech?

Answer 12

eye contact, and delivery

Question 13

What are the two “guiding principles of speech delivery” (know both terms and
what they mean)?

Answer 13

Conversationality: Public speaking delivery exhibits the nonverbal characteristics of a normal conservation.

Immediacy: Quality conveyed by a set of verbal and nonverbal communication behaviors that contribute to reducing the perceived physical or psychological distance between communicators.

Question 14

What is proxemics?

Answer 14

The study of distances between communicators.

Question 15

What are Hall’s four proxemics distances and what do those distance
categories tell us about effective public speaking today?

Answer 15

Intimate distance, personal distance, social distance, and public distance. Different distances convey different relationships and situations. More space to strangers, superior formal relationships, power/authority far away.

Question 16

What is the big “delivery rule” when it comes to proxemics and effective
speech delivery?

Answer 16

Speakers want to get close to their audience as they can without violating their audience member’s personal space.

Question 17

How do podiums affect speech delivery?

Answer 17

Reading text, losing the quality of conservational and losing eye contact with the audience. Use it if you have to.

Question 18

How does movement benefit a speaker?

Answer 18

Relaxes speakers, reinforces verbal message, enhances audience attention, diversifies eye contact, can enhance speaker credibility

Question 19

What are the qualities of “credible movement” (from Psychologist Michael
Korda’s work)?

Answer 19

Confident, ambitious, purpose, has strong credibility. Milton: Nervous, no credibility wonders around, unsure. Movement, credible movement, dynamic, purposeful, on a mission, and credibility.

Question 20

What are the rules for movement when it comes to effective speech delivery?

Answer 20

Take at least 3 steps. Pick up your feet, let your movement be motivated, move during transitions. Point A to Point B. Walk to the person eye contact being natural. Stationary most of the time

Question 21

What did Amy Cuddy find in her research comparing power positions against non-power positions? What does Cuddy’s research tell us about effective speech delivery?

Answer 21

Confidence. Power position: Testosterone levels goes up.

Question 22

What stances should you avoid as a speaker?

Answer 22

Fig Lead stance, hitler stance, loose chance, form stance, mini-podium stance.

Question 23

What are the rules for gesturing effectively as a speaker?

Answer 23

Use your whole arm: Avoid flipper gestures and avoid chicken-arm gestures: Elbows in, keep it away from body. Combine gestures. Don’t let hands come together-posture.

Question 24

What are the three key vocal qualities for effective speech delivery?

Answer 24

Conversationality, Enthusiasm, Articulateness.

Question 25

What are the “four modes of speech delivery”? Which mode is generally recommended today when it comes to effective speech delivery?

Answer 25

Manuscript Speech Delivery, memorized speech delivery, impromptu speech delivery, and Extemporaneous speech delivery. Extemporaneous speech delivery is recommended today.

Question 26

What is the difference between linear models of communication and transactional models of communication? What does this difference tell us about effective speech delivery?

Answer 26

Linear: The speaker sends the message directly to the audience. Transactional: The audience is doing things that affect the speaker as well. Continuous feedback affects the speaker and audience's atmosphere.

Question 27

What are vocal fillers and how do they relate to effective speech delivery?

Answer 27

um, like, so Using them repeatedly though will probably reduce our audience's perception and credibility.

Question 28

When do speakers need to stop work on “writing” their speech?

Answer 28

Speech writing must stop at least 24 hours before speech delivery.

Question 29

Why is Eye Contact important to a speaker (and how important is it)?

Answer 29

Engaging at an interpersonal level. Very strong eye contact got the audience's attention.

Question 30

What are the nonverbal functions of eye contact?

Answer 30

Building interpersonal relationships-cue indicating a desire for more intimacy.

Question 31

How important is eye contact as an immediacy cue?

Answer 31

Eye contact-high immediacy cue, most important. To an individual for a closer relationship.

Question 32

What contrasting messages do we send to an audience when we have a high level of eye contact vs. a low level of eye contact?

Answer 32

High-level: more confident, more intelligent, friendly, more sincere. Low-level: cold, pessimistic, immature, defensive

Question 33

What is speaker credibility?

Answer 33

The extent to which an audience accepts what a speaker says due to their perceptions of that speaker.

Question 34

How does eye contact relate to speaker credibility?

Answer 34

Anxiety leads to lower level of eye contact in social situations. Speakers struggle with the most, Comes with a lot of confidence building. When an individual is experiencing speech anxiety, they lower their level of eye contact

Question 35

What are bad forms of eye contact?

Answer 35

Focus on dot in back of room, look at top of people's heads, windshield wiper, shotgun blast approach

Question 36

What is the big rule for holding effective eye contact as a speaker?

Answer 36

Hold your eye contact longer than you think you need to

Question 37

How long should a speaker hold eye contact.

Answer 37

For a complete thought, 3 seconds

Question 38

How difficult is it for speakers to master effective eye contact (i.e. in comparison to other delivery skills)?

Answer 38

Anxiety leads to lower level of eye contact in social situations. Speakers struggle with the most, Comes with a lot of confidence building. When an individual is experiencing speech anxiety, they lower their level of eye contact

Question 39

How does eye contact relate to speech anxiety?

Answer 39

Anxiety leads to lower level of eye contact in social situations. Speakers struggle with the most, Comes with a lot of confidence building. When an individual is experiencing speech anxiety, they lower their level of eye contact

Question 40

How does Generation Z compare to previous generations when it comes to eye contact?

Answer 40

horribly

Question 41

What is the relationship between speech anxiety and speech rehearsal?

Answer 41

The speaker spends too much time writing and not enough time rehearsing

Question 42

What are the two phases of speech rehearsal? What are speakers supposed to do during each phase?

Answer 42

Oral phase- going over outline out loud and talking through it. Simulation phase- attempt to replicate speaking experience, must replicate speaking environment as much as possible, must practice proper delivery techniques

Question 43

Does “Live Audience” rehearsal matter? If so, does the size of the live audience matter?

Answer 43

yes, it should replicate the same room size

Question 44

Is it helpful for speakers to practice in front or a mirror?

Answer 44

yes, but you also need to practice in a room

Question 45

What does Paul Fitts’ Perceptual Motor Skills Acquisition Model tell us about acquiring effective speech delivery skills (as part of this answer be certain that you know the two stages in Fitts’ model)?

Answer 45

As long as you continue to work on a nonverbal skill you will become very good at it. Cognitive stage- thinking about everything you're doing; body motion is mediated by cognitive effort. Autonomous stage - doing the action simultaneously (becomes second nature), body becomes unconscious and automatic (smooth and good)

Question 46

What are the “three key battles” of public speaking (if you don’t know the answer to this one, don’t bother coming to the final)?

Answer 46

attention, retention, comprehension

Question 47

Which battle is the most important battle in giving an effective speech?

Answer 47

attention

Question 48

What does cognitive load theory tell us about an audience’s ability to process a public speech?

Answer 48

The human mind at any given point in time has a very limited ability to process the information that is coming into it. When spoken words are coming rapidly at an audience it is very difficult to process all that information, in fact, lots of the words never get processed at all

Question 49

How much information does an audience retain from the average speech?

Answer 49

10%

Question 50

What are the four “qualities” of rhetorically sensitive speakers (and know what these four qualities mean for effective public speakers)?

Answer 50

interaction conscious, accept their personal complexity, have a tolerance for intentional searching, appreciate the communicability of ideas

Question 51

What is the instrumental school of thought about self-concept? What is the expressive school of thought about self-concept? What do these two schools tell us about effective public speakers?

Answer 51

Does not believe we have true self. We have roles we move in and out of depending on situation.

Question 52

What are the two criteria for good informative speech topics/content?

Answer 52

need to know, neat to know

Question 53

How do lists work in pubic speeches?

Answer 53

Never recite lists to people verbally.

Question 54

What are the benefits of good speech organization (research suggests that organization helps a speaker how?)?

Answer 54

NO learning improvements with students. "misused more than used"- could get a benefit from it but it wasn't being used properly. "underutilized or overutilized".

Question 55

How does the organization of information relate to memory consolidation process?

Answer 55

Grouping similar things together or using tricks to remember helps your brain make sense of it.

Question 56

Why are organized speakers able to produce more attitude change (be sure to reference the credibility effect and the repetition effect in answering this question)?

Answer 56

Because they present information in an organized way that makes them seem more credible and true. (usually using repetition)

Question 57

What are the parts of a public speech in the correct order?

Answer 57

thesis, preview, transitions, summary

Question 58

What are the qualities of a good speech thesis?

Answer 58

Short, clear, one idea, encompass all of the speech, avoids the word "persuasion"

Question 59

What is the instantly repeatable standard?

Answer 59

the audience should be able to repeat your main points after the speech, using repetition is effective

Question 60

What is the relationship between psychological reactance and the language used in a good speech thesis?

Answer 60

a certain amount of arousal is a good thing, but if you use too much it works against you

Question 61

What is a speech preview?

Answer 61

brief statement that goes over the speech topics

Question 62

What are the qualities of a good speech preview?

Answer 62

Clear, catch, no more than three ideas, relate to thesis statement.

Question 63

How do we make a speech preview “catchy”?

Answer 63

create a hook

Question 64

According to psychologist George Miller’s work, how many distinct ideas can we hold simultaneously in our short-term memory?

Answer 64

7 plus or minus 2

Question 65

What is the development rule of public speaking?

Answer 65

Organizing your speech in a clear and logical way.

Question 66

How many main points can speakers develop in shorter speeches and in longer speeches? Why?

Answer 66

Short: 3, Long:5

Question 67

What are speech transitions?

Answer 67

words and phrases that help your argument flow smoothly

Question 68

What are the qualities of good speech transitions?

Answer 68

your transition should be apparent. I talked about this, now I'm going to talk about this.

Question 69

What is a speech summary?

Answer 69

Simple process of writing a brief overview with the key ideas or main points.

Question 70

What are the qualities of a good speech summary?

Answer 70

Bring back thesis, review main points.

Question 71

What are the two most common mistakes that speakers make when they are organizing a speech?

Answer 71

lack of structure, overloading information

Question 72

How is repetition advantageous for a public speaker?

Answer 72

it really allows the audience to know the main points

Question 73

Why are speech introductions important?

Answer 73

audience assesses the speaker during the speech introduction, a point of heightened audience attention.

Question 74

What is the primacy effect?

Answer 74

heightening attention at the beginning of the speech

Question 75

What is the recency effect?

Answer 75

heightened attention at the end of the speech

Question 76

What are the three steps to a good speech introduction?

Answer 76

attention, relevancy, credibility

Question 77

What are the two criteria for an effective attention step in a speech introduction?

Answer 77

capture the audience attnetion, introduce the speech topic.

Question 78

What types of attention-getting steps are recommended, which are not recommended, and why?

Answer 78

recommended: stories, humor, quote, metaphor. Not recommended: startling fact, questions

Question 79

What are the specific rules for the various forms of attention step (e.g. “Avoid predicable stories,” etc.)?

Answer 79

stories - avoid predictable stories, personal experiences metaphor and humor - must be funny, avoid metaphors overuse quotes- don't use unknown quotes

Question 79

What are the two dimensions of speaker credibility, and how do Do those dimensions relate to the various attention steps?

Answer 79

speaker credibility: expertise and trustworthines. Affext how well the audience pays attention, stays interested.

Question 80

What is the relevancy step in a speech introduction?

Answer 80

explain to the audience why the speech is important

Question 81

How should a speaker attempt to fulfill this step?

Answer 81

use a fact

Question 82

What is the credibility step in a speech introduction?

Answer 82

speaker establish their unique credibility on the speech topic.

Question 83

Why are speech conclusions important?

Answer 83

relevancy effect

Question 84

What are the two parts of a speech conclusion?

Answer 84

summary, clincher

Question 85

What should a speaker attempt to do in a clincher?

Answer 85

drive home the idea, never end on a summary

Question 86

What is the rounding technique, and how do speakers need to use this technique effectively in a public speech?

Answer 86

Bringing the attention step back at the end of your speech.

Question 87

What are the benefits of having visual aids in a public speech?

Answer 87

connect the speech to visuals

Question 88

What are the various rules (presented in the online lecture on PowerPoint) for using PowerPoint effectively as a speaker, and what do these various rules mean?

Answer 88

Keep slides visual; PowerPoint must incorporate visuals that are highly integrated with the speaker's verbal messages, keep sides simple, use a simple font, build one picture at a time, talk to the audience, not the slides, and don't let the PowerPoint slides trap you in one portion of the room.

Question 89

What is the difference between visual and verbal coding, and what does this difference tell us about using PowerPoint slides effectively as a speaker?

Answer 89

verbal is having words on the board, visual is having a picture up on the board and saying the words.

Question 90

What is the difference between integrated and non-integrated dual coding, and what does this difference tell us about using PowerPoint slides effectively as a speaker?

Answer 90

integrated - verbal message+what is on the board non integrates- picture of a zebra but talking about a turtle.

Question 91

What is the social scientific concept of arousal?

Answer 91

Being alert and active, both physically and mentally.

Question 92

What is the relationship between arousal and cognitive load?

Answer 92

A certain amount of arousal is a good thing, if you use too much it works against you

Question 93

What will be the impact of slides that contain arousing images?

Answer 93

slides with arouding images can catch peoples attention and make them remember the presentation better.

Question 94

Does material that helps to win the battle for audience attention also necessarily help to win the battle for audience comprehension and audience retention? Why or why not?

Answer 94

not really, attention grabbig material can help it doesn't always ensure better understanding or memory.

Question 95

What is persuasion?

Answer 95

centers on changing an individuals or an audiences attitude about something

Question 96

What is a persuasive speech setting and how does it differ from a speech setting that does not involve persuasion?

Answer 96

persuasive: speaker tries to convince the audience of something like a viewpoint or action other speech: focus on providing information or entertaining without trying to persuade.

Question 97

What are person-centered messages and how do they relate to effective persuasion?

Answer 97

they are messages that are ideally suited or adapted to a particular individual or audience.

Question 98

According to rhetorical theorist Kenneth Burke, why are persuasive situations so difficult for us and what common mistake do we make in these situations?

Answer 98

in persuasive settings we have a tendency to say exactly the wrong thing, and to verbalize arguments that would persuade us

Question 99

What is the latitude of acceptance?

Answer 99

acceptance: Contains all messages that an audience finds reasonable enough to be worthy of consideration

Question 100

What is the latitude of rejection?

Answer 100

Contains all messages that are so unreasonable that they are not worthy of any serious consideration

Question 101

How do these two latitudes relate to effective persuasion?

Answer 101

If you want to persuade the audience it has to be in range of acceptance

Question 102

How do an audience’s goals and desires relate to persuasive person-centered messages?

Answer 102

Highly person-centered messages exhibit greater concern with the goals and desires of the persuasive target then do less person-centered messages

Question 103

What are one-sided arguments?

Answer 103

A speaker presents one side (just his or her position) on an issue two-sided arguments?

Question 104

What are two-sided arguments?

Answer 104

Speaker acknowledges the arguments against their position and attempt to refute those arguments

Question 105

How do these two types of arguments relate to persuasive person-centered messages?

Answer 105

By acknowledging the other side of the argument, you are creating a person-centered message because you are thinking of their side of things .

Question 106

What should an effective two-sided argument look like?

Answer 106

. You may be worried that a car that looks this sporty gets poor gas mileage 2. This car actually gets good gas mileage according to car and driver magazine

Question 107

What is message novelty and how does it relate to persuasive person- centered messages?

Answer 107

Messages need to contain new arguments or new evidence. If it is novel(they haven't heard of it before) it has far more persuasive impact

Question 108

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence is a sequence designed to do what?

Answer 108

Capture attention, create a sense that something needs to be changed, create a general feeling that the need can be satisfied, visualize the future, give specific steps to start satisfying the need. They are persuasion tools to help organize

Question 109

What are the five steps in Monroe’s motivated sequence?

Answer 109

Attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action

Question 110

What level of fear appeal tends to be most effective?

Answer 110

Low fear appeal

Question 111

What is the difference between a positive visualization and a negative visualization and which form of visualization tends to work better in Monroe’s Motivated Sequence?

Answer 111

Positive visualization shows the need being satisfied in a positive way and how good things will be if the need is satisfied. Negative visualization shows how bad things will get if the need is not satisfied. Positive works better

Question 112

In general, how effective is evidence in most public speeches? How do “authoritative sources” impact this relationship?

Answer 112

Not a huge benefit mainly because we don't use the evidence that well.

Question 113

What are the key differences between an oral and a written citation?

Answer 113

Oral- three components: name/credentials, publication, date. Written- citation in APA format

Question 114

What are the strengths and weaknesses of statistics as a form of support?

Answer 114

Hard to understand, difficult to remember, boring. They also create credibility for the speaker

Question 115

What are the rules for using statistics effectively in a public speech?

Answer 115

limit the # of statistics, make the statistics meaningful, slow down the delivery, use visual aids to present statistics

Question 116

How do statistics compare to other forms of support (better or worse in speeches)?

Answer 116

Statistics are good for speeches because they make your points clearer and more credible. But they might not always connect emotionally with the audience like stories or personal experiences can.

Question 117

What are the strengths and weaknesses of narratives as a form of support?

Answer 117

Strengths - easy to remember, attention getting, easy to understand, emotional impact. Weaknesses- not viewed as factual evidence, "one case" one experience, not same experience as other people have

Question 118

What are the rules for using narratives effectively in a public speech?

Answer 118

Adequately develop narrative, don't over-dramatize the narrative, don't only use narratives, use personal narratives when applicable

Question 119

What is the boomerang effect and how does it relate to using narratives effectively in public speech?

Answer 119

Strategy works for you up until a given point, then turns against you.

Question 120

How do statistics and narratives relate to the three battles of public speaking?

Answer 120

Statistics hurt us in all three of the battles, narratives help us with all three of those battles

Question 121

How do narratives compare to other forms of support (better or worse in speeches)?

Answer 121

better, they engage audiences and create reliability.