Pulmonary Flashcards
(29 cards)
What are the accessory muscles for breathing?
- Pectoralis minor
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Scalenes
What spinal segment would have TART changes associated with the lung problems?
T1-T5/6 on side of lung.
What sound in the lung is short, nonmusical and heard during inspiration?
crackles/rales/crepitation (hair rubbing next to ear)
if you hear musical sounds during expiration, what sound is this? Is this asthma?
Wheezing. Not necessarily asthma.
If you hear lower pitched, snoring sounds in inspiration and expiration, what sound is this? What does this mean?
Ronchi = air over fluid due to inflammation or airway secretions.
If you hear a grating sound at the end of inspiration or the beginning of expiration, like creaking leather, what is it? What does this mean?
Pleural rub; hearing when pleural surfaces are roughened or thickened by inflammation, neoplastic cells, or fibrin deposits.
Where do you hear vesicular sounds? Bronchovesicular sounds? bronchial sounds? tracheal sounds?
- vesicular = most of the lungs
- Bronchovesicular = 1st and 2nd ICS anteriorly and between the scapulae
- Bronchial = over the manubrium
- Tracheal = over the trachea in the neck
How does the intensity of expiratory sound change from tracheal to vesicular breaths? How does the pitch change?
Intensity goes from very loud to soft from tracheal –> bronchial –> bronchovesicular (intermediate) vesicular
Pitch changes from relatively high to low from tracheal –> bronchial –> bronchovesicular (intermediate) vesicular
What is a positive test for egophony?
ee –> ay
What is a positive test for whispered pectoriloquy?
whispered word sounds normal volume
What is a positive test for bronchophony?
regular spoken word is auscultated as very loud
What does a positive test in egophony indicate? whispered pectoriloquy indicate? bronchophony indicate?
All of these positive tests are indicative of lung consolidation (pleural effusion and pneumonia).
What do normal lungs sound like when percussed?
resonant.
What do abnormal lung percussion sounds like? What are they indicative of?
Flatness –> alarge pleural effusion
dullness –> lobar pneumonia
hyper resonance–> COPD, pneumothorax
Tympany :: Large pneumothorax
What is the diagnostic meaning of Asymmetric decreased fremitus?
unilateral pleural effusion, pneumothorax, neoplasm from decreased transmission of low frequency sounds
What is the diagnostic meaning of Asymmetric increased fremitus?
unilateral pneumonia from increased transmission
What are you looking for when testing tactile fremitus?
asymmetry
What is the diagnostic meaning of abnormally high level of diaphragmatic excursion?
pleural effusion, high diaphragm from atelectasis, or diaphragmatic paralysis.
What is the normal breathing rate for adults and infants?
Adults: 14-20 breaths/minute
Infants: up to 44 breaths/min
What is bradypnea? tachypnea?
bradypnea = slow breathing tachypnea = rapid shallow breathing
What is sighing respiration?
breathing punctuated by frequent sighs
What is Cheyne-Stokes Breathing?
Periods of deep breathing alternate with periods of apnea (no breathing)
What is obstructive breathing?
Breathing where expiration is prolonged due to a narrowed airway
What is ataxic breathing (Biot’s breathing)
Ataxic breathing is characterized by unpredictable irregularity. Shallow, deep, and stop.
