Pulmonary

Question 1

What is the primary function of the pulmonary system?

Question 2

What are the conducting airways?

Question 3

What are the upper conducting airway’s functions?

Question 4

What are the lower airway’s functions?

Question 5

What is the functional unit of the lungs?

Question 6

What are Type I epethelial cells within the alveoli and their function?

Question 7

What are type II epethelial cells within the alveoli and their function?

Question 8

Describe surface tension and the chemical in the alveoli that decreases surface tension

Question 9

Identify the three functions of surfactant

Question 10

Describe the factors that determine how rapidly a gas will pass across the alveolar-capillary membrane

Question 11

What is ventilation?

Question 12

What is respiration?

Question 13

What is perfussion?

Question 14

What is increased lung compliance?

Question 15

What is decreased lung compliance?

Question 16

What diseases are associated with increased lung compliance?

Question 17

What diseases are associated with decreased lung compliance?

Question 18

What are irritant receptors?

Question 19

Where are irritant receptors located?

Question 20

What is the function of irritant receptors?

Question 21

What are stretch receptors?

Question 22

Where are stretch receptors located?

Question 23

What function do stretch receptors have?

Question 24

What are J-Receptors?

Question 25

Where are J receptors located?

Question 26

What function do J-receptors have?

Question 27

What are the peripheral chemoreceptors and what do they monitor?

Question 28

How do the central chemoreceptors affect the pulmonary system?

Question 29

What are the peripheral chemoreceptors and what do they monitor?

Question 30

How do th peripheral chemoreceptors affect the pulmonary system?

Question 31

What is surface tension?

Question 32

How does surface tension relate to alveolar instability?

Question 33

What is LaPace’s law?

Question 34

How does surfacae tension relate to LaPlace’s law?

Question 35

What is functional Residual Capacity?

Question 36

What is a V/Q mismatch?

Question 37

Discuss factors related to hypoxia/hypoxemia

Question 38

What is the most common cause of hypoxemia?

Question 39

What is obstructive pulmonary disease?

Give examples.

Question 40

What is restrictive pulmonary disease?

Give examples.

Question 41

Identify the pathogenesis and manifestations of the phases of asthma (acute and late phase)

Question 42

Identify the risk factors associated with chronic bronchitis

Question 43

Identify the risk factors associated with Emphysema

Question 44

What are the similarities, adn differences, between Bronchitis and emphysema?

Answer 44

Causes

Both chronic bronchitis and emphysema can be caused by irritants such as cigarette smoke or other air pollutants. They are characterized by air trapping and obstruction that lead to hypoxemia, hypoventilation, and abnormal ventilation/perfusion ratio. They can lead to congestive heart failure. Their symptoms include dyspnea, decreased exercise tolerance, frequent infections, and fatigue.

Chronic bronchitis:

Increased mucus production.

Mucosal edema

Impaired or lost ciliary function

Chronic cough lasting >3 months for 2 consecutive years.

The inspired irritants cause a chronic inflammatory response and mucosal edema. The inflammation and irritants increase the size and number of mucous and goblet cells in the epithelial cells of the airways, producing thicker, more viscous, and larger amounts of mucus. The thick mucus then impairs ciliary function. The combined process results in airway obstruction and air trapping.

Emphysema is caused by elastin breakdown that destroys lung tissue, occurring in the alveolar septa or respiratory bronchioles. This process destroys alveolar and respiratory bronchiole integrity and obliterates pulmonary capillaries. The loss of elastic recoil inherent in lung tissue, hyperinflation of the alveoli, and decreased diameter of the bronchioles lead to air trapping.

Question 45

How does pneumonia affect the pulmonary function?

Question 46

Explain why croup is primarily a disease of children.

Answer 46

Croup is a clinical syndrome manifested by an infection of the upper airways. Children are more apt to have croup because they have a more immature immune system. Their airways and glottis are small in diameter. The mucous membrane lining their upper airways is more loosely attached and vascular. Their cartilaginous rings collapse more easily. With edema and inflammation, they are easily compromised. The general surface area of children’s lungs is less, which limits their pulmonary compensation. Because their submucosa contains many lymphoid cells, children are more apt to develop edema and swelling if inflammation occurs.