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CardioPulmn II - Final > Pulmonary Anatomy > Flashcards

Pulmonary Anatomy Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

pigeon chest

A

associated w/ severe asthma

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2
Q

who has pigeon chest

A

50% of pts w/ atrial or ventricular septal defects

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3
Q

barrel chest

A

associated with COPD

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4
Q

what is barrel chest

A

increased A/P and M/L diameter

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5
Q

what lvl is the sternal angle at

A

2nd rib

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6
Q

what does the respiratory system include

A

boney thorax

muscles of respiration

upper and lower airways

pulmonary circulation

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7
Q

diaphragm fiber types

A

55% of slow twitch type 1

24% fast twitch type IIB

21% fast twitch type IIA

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8
Q

vented pts diaphragm loses how much strength per day

A

5% of strength per day

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9
Q

accessory muscles of inspiration

A

intercostals

SCM

pec major/minor

scalenes

SA

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10
Q

other accessory inspiratory muscles

A

traps

lats

QL

intercostalis

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11
Q

accessory muscles –> intercostals

A

internal (lowers ribs)

external (raises ribs)

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12
Q

accessory muscles –> SCM

A

elevates clavicle and sternum

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13
Q

accessory muscles –> pecs

A

elevates sternum (major)

elevates ribs 2-4 (minor)

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14
Q

accessory muscles –> scalenes

A

anterior and middle –> elevates 1st rib

posterior –> elevates 2nd rib

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15
Q

accessory muscle –> SA

A

anterior –> elevates ribs

posterior inferior –> depresses ribs

posterior superior –> elevates ribs

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16
Q

what is the pleura

A

membranous serous sac

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17
Q

layers of the pleura

A

visceral

parietal

pleural space

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18
Q

visceral layer

A

covers each lung

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19
Q

parietal layer

A

covers inner lining of chest wall

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20
Q

pleural space

A

potential space b/w pleurae

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21
Q

parenchyma

A

lung tissue

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22
Q

right lung v. left lung

A

right has 3 lobes

left has 2 lobes

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23
Q

landmark of apex of lung

A

1 inch above the middle 3rd of each clavicle

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24
Q

borders of the lungs

A

inferior

anterior

laterally

posterior

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25
inferior border of lung
rest on diaphragm
26
anterior border of lung
reaches 6th rib midclavicular line
27
lateral border of lung
reached 8th rib mid axillary line
28
posterior border of lung
reaches 10th rib 12th rib with deep respiration
29
surface markings of anterior border
apex of each lung --> extend 1 in above the medial end of the clavicle inferior borders --> run from the diploid process to the 6th rib midclavicular line
30
surface markings of lateral border
inferior borders run to the 8th rib at the mid axillary line
31
surface markings of posterior border
inferior borders run to the 10th rib, midscapular line 12th rib on deep respiration
32
fissures
oblique horizontal
33
oblique fissue
starts 2nd to 4th T-vertebrae, around the scapula along 5th rib ending at the 6th costal cartilage
34
horizontal fissure
starts from oblique fissure at 4th ICS mid-axillary line
35
what two vascular systems serve the lungs
pulmonary circulation bronchial circulation
36
pulmonary circulation
delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs returns oxygenated blood to the heart
37
bronchial circulation
delivers the nutrients and blood to supply the lung tissue
38
what landmark separates the upper and lower airways
the larynx
39
where does the trachea divide
at the carina and the sternal angle divides into R and L main stem bronchus
40
what is "generation"
each division of the bronchial trees
41
how many total bronchial generations are there
23
42
trachea to the alveoli pulmonary anatomy
trachea --> principal bronchi --> lobar bronchi --> segmental bronchi --> bronchiole --> terminal bronchiole --> respiratory duct --> alveolar duct --> alveolar sac --> alveoli
43
what 3 systems control respiration
medullary pontine drive center central chemoreceptors peripheral chemoreceptors
44
medullary pontine drive center can be separated into
Medulla: dorsal respiratory group (DRG) medulla: ventral respiratory group (VRG) pons: pneumotaxic center pons: apneustic center
45
DRG
located in the dorsal medulla primary inspiratory neurons stimulates diaphragm for inspiration
46
VRG
located in ventral medulla inspiratory and expiratory neurons stimulated by the DRG innervates external intercostals and abdominals
47
what fires during quiet breathing
DRG
48
pneumotaxic center
inhibits inspiration influenced by DRG
49
apneustic center
connects to DRG and promotes respiration coordinated firing patterns (rhythmic breathing) lung stretch reflex in parenchyma connected to center
50
central chemoreceptors
located in medulla senses CO2 levels in blood
51
what happens if CO2 levels in blood increases
central chemoreceptors will increase respiration to blow off
52
peripheral chemoreceptors
aortic and carotid bodies senses O2 in blood
53
what happens if PO2 drops
peripheral chemoreceptors signal to DRG to increase inspiration
54
primary drive for respiration
central chemoreceptors
55
the lvl of CO2 is primary drive for respiration, what is it sensed by?
central chemoreceptors
56
hypoxic drive
CO2 is primary drive for respiration pts who are CO2 retainers (COPD), central receptors shut down and peripheral takes over main drive for respiration shifts from CO2 to O2 decrease in O2 becomes main drive for respiration (hypoxic drive)
57
importance of hypoxic drive
if txing pt with COPD --> cant give O2 secondary to hypoxic drive
58
resistance to breathing --> compliance
ease with which lungs are inflated during inspiration
59
compliance
volume change per unit of pressure change
60
what is compliant dependent on
surfactant
61
resistance to breathing --> pressure volume relationship
elasticity of the resp system as a whole sum of its 2 major components (lungs and chest wall)
62
resistance to breathing --> airway resistance
flow of air into the lungs depends on pressure difference and resistance to flow by airways
63
resistance to breathing --> transmural pressure
pressure in airways - pressure surrounding the airways
64
resistance to breathing --> ventilation
process by which air moves into the lungs
65
resistance to breathing --> diffusion
passive tendency of molecules to move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
66
what are the 4 determinants to diffusion
available surface area thickness of tissue (distance has has to travel) differences in partial pressure reactivity of molecules
67
resistance to breathing --> perfusion
distribution of blood within pulmonary circulation
68
what is perfusion dependent on
gravity R ventricular ejection pulmonary vascular resistance
69
relationship b/w CO and perfusion
increase in CO will increase perfusion
70
zones of lung
1-3
71
zone 1
least gravity dependent region potentially no blood flow
72
zone 2
intermediate area receives varying blood flow
73
zone 3
at base --> is gravity dependent and receives almost constant blood flow
74
importance of ventilation and perfusion matching
essential that the ventilated areas of the lungs are in contact with the perfuses areas of the lungs to effect normal gas exchange (V-Q matching)

CardioPulmn II - Final (8 decks)

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