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Pulmonary Conditons/Diseases Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

define flail chest

A

3 or more ribs broken in 2 or more places creating window in chest wall usually caused by trauma

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2
Q

symptoms of flail chest

A

paradoxical breathing, pain, bruising, dyspnea

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3
Q

define pneumothorax

A

a collapsed lung due to the vacuum in the pleura being disrupted and air entering the pleural space

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4
Q

causes of pneumothorax

A

traumatic or spontaneuous

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5
Q

primary risks for pneumothorax

A

<30y/o thin, male smoker, abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure

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6
Q

secondary risks for pneumothorax

A

disease lung tissue (COPD, CA, asthma, CF, interstitial and inflammatory lung disease

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7
Q

symptoms of pneumothorax

A

chest aches and tightness, cyanosis, absent breath sounds, tachycardia, dyspnea

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8
Q

define tension pnemothorax

A

total lung collapse leads to building pressure of air inside thoracic cavity

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9
Q

risks for tension pnemothorax

A

trauma to chest, previous less stable pneumothorax

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10
Q

symptoms of tension pneumothorax

A

mediastinal shift: shift of internal structures to undamaged side due to increased pressure on injured side, drastic BP drop

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11
Q

define pleural effusion

A

excess fluid in pleural space that’s diagnosed via thoracentesis

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12
Q

symptoms of pleural effusion

A

pain on inspiration, dyspnea, fever, difficulty taking deep breath

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13
Q

types of pleural effusion

A

transudative and exudative

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14
Q

causes of transudate pleural effusion

A

CHF, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, peritoneal dialysis

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15
Q

symptoms of transudative effusions

A

clear fluid, low in protein and no cells, non-inflammatory, salt and fluid retention/increase in venous pressure

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16
Q

causes of exudative pleural effusion

A

infections, malignancy, connective tissue diseases, inflammatory disorders, movement of fluid from abd to pleural space, CABG, PE (usually)

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17
Q

symptoms of exudative effusion

A

cloudy thick fluid high in protein and other cells, inflammatory, blood/bacteria/WBCs can be present, empyema

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18
Q

define empyema

A

collection of pus in pleural space due to infection

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19
Q

define bronchiectasis

A

walls of bronchi damaged (scarred) due to inflammation/infection

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20
Q

risk factors for bonchiectasis

A

CF, infections, immunodeficiency diseases, connective tissue diseases, environment exposure, idiopathic

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21
Q

symptoms of bronchiectasis

A

cough, sputum, dyspnea, wheezing, chest pain, clubbing, hemoptysis, fatigue, failure to thrive

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22
Q

define bronchiolitis

A

diffuse inflammation of airways smaller than terminal bronchioles

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23
Q

symptoms of bronchiolitis

A

tachypnea, accessory muscle use, low-grade fever, dry cough, hyper-inflated chest

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24
Q

define epiglottitis

A

acute swelling of epiglottis that obstructs trachea and is potentially life threatening

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25
risk for bronchiolitis
infants
26
risk for epiglottitis
unvaccinated children 2-8ys and adults
27
cause of bronchiolitis
viral infection
28
cause of epiglottitis
bacterial infection
29
symptoms of epiglottitis
inspiratory stridor, sore throat, dysphagia, drooling, changes in voice, dyspnea
30
define atelectasis
partial collapse of lung tissue at alveolar level
31
risks for atelectasis
immobility, infections, diseases, foreign body
32
symptoms of atelectasis
dyspnea, tachycardia, cough, pain, cyanosis, wheezing
33
define interstitial lung disease
disorders that cause inflammation and scar tissue of tissue (interstitium) that surrounds alveoli, commonly fatal
34
symptoms of interstitial lung disease
dry cough, dyspnea, weight loss, clubbing, englarged heart, fatigue
35
define sarcoidosis
auto-immune inflammatory disease that can lead to pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary HTN
36
risk for sarcoidosis
>55y, job, mold exposure, family hx, African/Scandinavian descent, female
37
symptoms for sarcoidosis
fatigue, fever, pain, swollen joints, cough, dyspnea, skin lesions
38
types of pulmonary edema
cardiogenic (related to heart issue) and non-cardiogenic
39
symptoms of pulmonary edema
orthopnea, frothy sputum, DOE, wheezing, suffocating/drowning feeling, anxiety, wet cough, chest pain, fatigue, sweating/clamminess
40
define pulmonary embolism
freed blood clot that lodges in pulmonary vasculature
41
define pneumonia
infection of lungs that causes purulent fluid in alveoli
42
risks for pneumonia
>65y, <2y, existing lung disease, smoking, unvaccinateds
43
symptoms of pneumonia
green, yellow, or hemoptysis productive cough, cyanosis, fever/sweat/chills, fatigue, tachypnea, dyspnea, tachycardia, chest pain
44
define tuberculosis
tubercle formation caused by bacteria that makes cavities in lung tissue, resistant to most anti-bacterial meds
45
risks for TB
living/visiting areas with high rates, <5y w/ positive TB test, immunodeficient, housing insecurity, IV drug users, s/p organ transplant, healthcare worker, chronic diseases that lower immune efficiency (like DM)sy
46
symptoms of TB
chronic cough, hemoptysis, night sweats, low grade emp, anorexia, chest pain
47
define ALI/ARDS
acute inflammation as a result of trauma or infection causes lung cells to lose membrane integrity which can lead to refractory hypoxemia
48
ratio to determine lung health in spirometry
FEV1:FVC (80%)
49
define asthma
chronic inflammatory airway disease of bronchi characterized by recurrent (not continuous) episodes of wheezing and/or breathlessness
50
risk for asthma
family history, low birth weight, respiratory complications in infancy, smoking, obesity, allergies, job, health disparities
51
asthma triggers
indoor and outdoor allergens, viruses, other lung diseases, cold weather, exercise/stress
52
effects of asthma
mucus production, bronchospasms, inflammation
53
symptoms of astham
wheezing, dyspnea, anxiety, coughing, chest tightness/pain, decreased FEV1 reversed with bronchodilators
54
define COPD
umbrella term for progressive obstructive lung disease that includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and refractory asthma
55
risks for COPD
smoking, environment exposure, obesity, >40y, family history, rare genetic case
56
define chronic bronchitis
productive cough for at least 3 months/yr for 2yrs
57
effect of chronic bronchitis
increased mucus production
58
symptoms of chronic bronchitis
blue bloater: cyanotic, hypoxia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis, increased Hgb and RR, clubbing, right side CHF, pedal edema, JVD
59
define emphysema
alveoli destruction reducing lung surface area
60
effects of emphysema
destruction of alveolar cell
61
symptoms of emphysema
pink puffer: barrel chest, pursed lip breathing, CO2 retention, hyperresonance, prolonged expiration, thin appearance, accessory muscle use
62
what worsens pulmonary artery hypertension
hypoxemia and respiratory/metabolic acidosis
63
which lung cancer(s) is slow growing and metastasizes late
squamous cell carcinoma
64
which lung cancer(s) are fast growing and metastasizes quickly
small and large cell carcinomah
65
which lung cancer(s) is most common and grows moderately fast
adenocarcinoma
66

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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