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Internal Medicine Platinum > Pulmonary Correlates > Flashcards

Pulmonary Correlates Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Lung zone at base of lungs, apex of lungs and during exercise

A

Lung base: zone 2 and 3
Apex of lung: zone 3
Exercise: zone 3 in all lung areas

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2
Q

Shift to the left of the O2 Hgb dissociation curve

A

Carbon monoxide and fetal hemoglobin

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3
Q

Controls inspiratioj; sends inspiratory ramp signal

A

Dorsal respiratory group of the medulla

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4
Q

Controls both respiration and expiration; overdrive mechanism in exercise

A

Ventral respiratory group of the medulla

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5
Q

Limits inspiration and increases respiratory rate

A

Pneumotaxic center of the pons

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6
Q

Stimulates respiration and decreases respiratory rTe

A

Apneutic center of the pons

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7
Q

Made up of the VRT and DRG in the ventral medulla; excited by H from blood CO2. Adapts within 1-2 days

A

Central hemoreceptors

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8
Q

Found in carotid bodies (CN IX) and aortic bodies (CN X). Activated when PO2 less than 70 mmHg to a lesser extent CO2

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

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9
Q

Benign ovarian tumors with ascites and pleural effusion

A

Meig’s syndrome

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10
Q

Dutch hypothesis vs British hypothesis

A

Dutch: contends asthma and COPD are variations of the same basic disease
British: contends that asthma and COPD are fundamentally different diseases

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11
Q

TB virulence factor

A

Cord factor

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12
Q

TB prevents macrophage-lysosomal fusion

A

Sulfatides

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13
Q

Marker for TB infection

A

PPD

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14
Q

Pathologic sign of primary TB

A

Ghon’s focus

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15
Q

Ghon’s focus and hilar lymphadenopathy

A

Ghon’s complex

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16
Q

Radiologic sign of primary TB

A

Ranke complex

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17
Q

Pathologic sign of secondary TB

A

Simon’s focus

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18
Q

Most common site of extrapulmonary TB

A

Lymph nodes

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19
Q

Physiologic abnormality of Asthma

A

Airway hyperresponsiveness

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20
Q

Pathogenesis behind asthma

A

Imbalance favoring TH2 production over TH1 leading to increased IL1, IL5 resulting to increased eosinophils

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21
Q

Putative mediators of asthma

A

SRS-A ( made up of leukotriene C4, D4, E4)

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22
Q

Whorls of shed epithelium in mucus plugs seen in asthma

A

Curschmann spirals

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23
Q

Crystalloid made up of eosinophils membrane protein seen in both asthma and amoebiasis

A

Charcot- Leyden crystals

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24
Q

Most common allergens to trigger asthma

A

Dermatophagoides species (dust mites)

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25
Mechanism of exercise-induced asthma
Hyperventilation
26
Most effective bronchodilators in current use
B2 agonist
27
Most common side effects of B2 agonists
Muscle tremor and palpitations
28
Most common side effects of anticholinergics
Dry mouth
29
Most common side effct of theophylline
Nausea, vomiting, headaches
30
Drugs that have been shown to be safe in pregnancy and without teratogenic potential
Short acting B2 agonist, ICS, theophylline
31
Pathogenesis behind emphysema
Imbalance between protease (elastase) and anti protease (alpha 1 anti trypsin)
32
Most common form of severe A1 anti trypsin deficiency
PiZ
33
Accounts for essentially all the reduction in PaO2 that occurs in COPD
Ventilation- perfusion mismatching
34
Major site of increased resistance in most individual in most individuals in COPD
Small airways of less than 2 mm diameter
35
Type of emphysema most frequently associated with cigarette smoking
Centriacinar emphysema. Centri = cigarette
36
Type of emphysema usually observed in patient with alpha 1 AT deficiency
Panacinar emphysema
37
Type of emphysema associated with spontaneous pneumothorax
Distal acinar emphysema
38
Major physiologic change in COPD resulting from both small airway obstruction and emphysema
Airflow limitation
39
The only pharmacologic therapy demonstrated to unequivocally decrease mortality rates
Supplemental O2
40
Bacteria frequently implicates in COPD exacerbations
Strep. Pneumonia, H. Influenza, M. Catarrhalis
41
Most common pathogenesis of pneumonia
Aspiration
42
Most common cause of nosocomial pneumonia and pneumonia in cystic fibrosis patients
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
43
Most common viral cause of atypical pneumonia and bronchiolitis in children
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
44
Most common cause of pneumonia in AIDS patients
Pneumocystis jiroveci
45
To be adequate for culture, sputum sample must have
Per LPF more than 25 neutrophils and less than 10 squamous epithelial cells
46
Imaging modality of choice for confirming the diagnosis of bronchiectasis
Chest CT
47
Most common cause of viral croup/ laryngotracheobronchitis in infants
Parainfluenza
48
Leading cause if transudative pleural effusion
LV failure and cirrhosis
49
Leading cause of exudative pleural effusion
Bacterial pneumonia, malignancy, viral infection, pulmonary embolism
50
Most common cause if chylous pleural effusiom
Malignancy
51
Most common lesions in the anterior mediastinum
Thymoma, lymphomas, teratomatous neoplasms, thyroid masses
52
Most common masses in middle mediastinum
Vascular masses, lymph node enlargement from metastases or granulomatous disease, pleuropericardial and bronchogenic cysts
53
Most common masses in posterior mediastinum
Neurogenic tumors, meningocele, meningomyeloceles, gastroenteric cysts, esophageal diverticula
54
Tracheal deviation in spontaneous pneumothorax
Ipsilateral
55
Tracheal deviation in tension pneumothorax
Contralateral
56
Usual cause of death from Pulmonary Embolism
Progressive right heart failure
57
Most common ECG abnormality in PE
T wave inversion in leads V1 to V4
58
Top 3 causes of ARDS
Gram-negative sepsis, gastric aspiration, severe trauma
59
Short term morphology of ARDS
Waxy hyaline membrane
60
Long term morphology of ARDS
Intra-alveolar fibrosis
61
Histologic manifestation of ARDS
Diffuse alveolar damage
62
Pulmonary wedge pressure in ARDS
Less than 18 mmHg
63
Lung zones
Zone 1: no blood flow Zone 2: intermittent blood flow Zone 3: continuous blood flow

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