Pulmonary Drug Delivery

Question 1

components of aerosols

Answer 1

propellant
container
valve

Question 2

advantages of aerosols

Answer 2

alternative to parenteral 
fast onset of action 
direct systemic absorption 
noninvasive 
low dose minimal side effects 
tamper proof 
good stability 
accurate doses 
minimal potential for contamination

Question 3

disadvantages of aerosols

Answer 3

local actions 
admin techniques 
patient compliance 
limited applications
special drug properties 
unique production 
explosive and flammable 
environmental hazard high unit cost

Question 4

basic requirements for aerosols

Answer 4

non or low irritability 
reasonable solubility
low therapeutic activity 
physical/chemical compatibility 
satisfactory permeability 
pH range 5.5-7.5

Question 5

respiratory diseases treated with aerosols

Answer 5

asthma
allergy
inflammation
COPD

Question 6

drug types that use aerosols

Answer 6

corticosteroids
bronchodilators
non steroid antiinflammatory compounds

Question 7

particle diameter 10um where will it deposit

Answer 7

oropharynx

Question 8

particle diametes over 5 under 10um where will it deposit

Answer 8

central airways

Question 9

particle diameter under 3 where wll it deposit

Answer 9

peripheral airways (gets to alveoli)

Question 10

what is the systemic circulation

Answer 10

blood goes from left ventricle to the tissues to the right atrium

Question 11

what is the pulmonary circulation

Answer 11

blood goes from right ventricle to lungs back to the left atrium

Question 12

where is majority of absorption in the lungs

Answer 12

alveoli becuase thinner epithelium

Question 13

some barriers of drug absorption in the central airway

Answer 13

mucus layer
cilia
epithelium

Question 14

what are two places the drug is taken up in the central airway

Answer 14

blood vessel for systemic effects

smooth muscle for local action

Question 15

barriers to drug absorption in the alveolus

Answer 15

surfactant
macrophage
epithelium

Question 16

places of delivery in the alveolus

Answer 16

blood reaches systemic
endothelium for local action
epithelium for targeted delivery

Question 17

bioavailability of aerosol compared to IV

Answer 17

slower absorption

more steady state

Question 18

where is most of the inhaltion lost to

Answer 18

GI tract

Question 19

5 things drug absorption depends on

Answer 19

particle size 
propellant 
valve
admin techniques 
drug properties

Question 20

what does the propellant do

Answer 20

push the drug out of the dosage form

Question 21

3 types of propellents

Answer 21

chlorofluorocarbons
hydrofluorocarbons
hydrocarbons

Question 22

what is the distribution of the contents of an aerosol when upright

Answer 22

vapour is lighter than the product so the porpellant sits at the top and product at the bottom

Question 23

distribution of the inhlaer in the invert position

Answer 23

product at the bottom is in contact with the value

Question 24

why do you want propellants with a low boiling point

Answer 24

become a gas at room temp so just drug goes in body

Question 25

desired properties of CFC propellants

Answer 25

``` low toxicity nonflammable inert low boiling point, vapour pressure heavt density for MDIs only ```

Question 26

why might you combine propellants

Answer 26

to play around with the boiling point and vapour pressure

Question 27

desired properties for hydrocarbon propellants

Answer 27

``` nontoxic inert water based formulation low cost light density ```

Question 28

advantage of hydrocarbons

Answer 28

environmentally acceptable

Question 29

will new propellants be developed

Answer 29

no likely to develop new devices

Question 30

is patient does not taste anything are they using it wrong

Answer 30

no might not get taste

Question 31

what is a spray valve used for

Answer 31

topicals

Question 32

what does a spray valve spray out

Answer 32

fine course spray or foam

Question 33

is there a dose setting with a spray valve

Answer 33

no

Question 34

what dies a metered dose valce spray out

Answer 34

fine spray or powder

Question 35

metered dose vlaves have accurate doses in what range

Answer 35

50-75uL

Question 36

why might there be diference in absorption with metered dose valves

Answer 36

patients admin technique

Question 37

what are the coatings for on glass bottles

Answer 37

outside to protect from light and minimize breakage | inside to prevent interaction wth metals/glass

Question 38

manufacturing of aerosols

Answer 38

spreacialized equipment and environment complex processing unique quality control procedures more expensive

Question 39

four things to test for quality control

Answer 39

``` drug content stays the same delivery rate and amount dose uniformity pressure testing water content total discharge numbers ```

Question 40

how does an aerochamber work

Answer 40

slow down the aerosol so can slowly inhale and not lose to the environment

Question 41

advantages of solution aerosols

Answer 41

fast action lss irritability because small particles easy formulas

Question 42

disadvantages of solution aerosols

Answer 42

hard to find good cosolvent | stability issues

Question 43

cosolvents in solution aerosols

Answer 43

ethanol polyethylene/dipropylene glycol ethyl acetate acetone

Question 44

contents of solution aerosols

Answer 44

drug in solution fine particles high portion of propellants other additives

Question 45

whats the first digit in propellat nomenclature

Answer 45

one less than the number of carbon atoms

Question 46

whats the second digit of propellant nomenclature

Answer 46

one more than the number of hydrogen atoms

Question 47

whats the 3rd digit of propellant nomenclature

Answer 47

number of fluorine atoms

Question 48

advantages of suspension aerosols

Answer 48

fast onset

Question 49

disadvantages of suspension aerosols

Answer 49

complex formulation potential irritability stability

Question 50

size of particles in aerosols

Answer 50

5-10microns

Question 51

why do you want low moisture with suspension aerosols

Answer 51

can cause aggregation

Question 52

dispersion agents in suspension aerosols

Answer 52

polysorbates sorbitan esters oleyl alcohol ethanol

Question 53

what type of formulation comes from emulsion aerosols and for what use

Answer 53

foam for topical use | NOT FOR LUNGS

Question 54

advantage and disadvantage of emulsion aerosol

Answer 54

easy to apply | stbaility issues

Question 55

examples of emulsifiers

Answer 55

glyceryl monostearate polyoxyethylene fatty esters fatty acid esters

Question 56

describe particle delivery with a propellant

Answer 56

spray out large droplets moving at a high velocity propellant evaporate and fromation of small slow moving individual particles, aggregates, or partially evaporated droplets

Question 57

describe particle delivery without propellants

Answer 57

drug bound to a carrier to make the particle size bigger then mesh screen breaks them apart releasing the drug from the carrier

Question 58

spinhaler mechanism

Answer 58

perforating pins break open capsule to release drug

Question 59

rotahaler mechanism

Answer 59

goes through a mesh

Question 60

inhlator mechanism

Answer 60

pins puncture capsule, goes through grater and aerosolized

Question 61

diskhaler mechanism

Answer 61

blister pack thing so multiple doses

Question 62

easy haler mechanism

Answer 62

no propellant just push down to release the drug

Question 63

propellant free advantages

Answer 63

safe stable compatible environmentally friendly

Question 64

propellant free disadvantages

Answer 64

formulation difficulty | extra procedures for admin

Question 65

device care , use, adn storage

Answer 65

``` insert casule prior to use regular cleaning proper assemble keep away from children replace after 6 months ```

Question 66

how to use metered dose inhalers

Answer 66

``` shake inhaler breathe out press the canister inhale deeply and slowly hold breathe for 10 seconds and exhale wait 30 seconds before next dose ```

Question 67

extra step in the other inhalers

Answer 67

load the drug

Question 68

future direction of inhalers

Answer 68

systemic formulation modification and improvement hardware invention patient/consumer education