Pulmonary Function Test Flashcards by Danielle Hayes

What does gas concentration and its transfer tell us?

diffusion capacity

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What do you use to find inspiratory/expiratory air flows?

spirometer

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What do you use to find lung volumes?

body plethysmograph

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Change in volume over elastic pressure gives you what?

static compliance

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What are these things:

Methacholine
Histamine
Adenosine 5-monophosphate
Cold air / Exercise tests

provocation or challenge tests

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What are these:

Treadmill
Stationary bicycle
Six minute walk test

cardiopulmonary exercise testing

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What are these indications of:

hyper-responsiveness, chest tightness, twitchy airways, abnormally sensitive to non-specific stimulants

asthma

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What is a nonselective muscarinic agonist used to induce muscle constriction in airways?

methacholine

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What values are affected by:
Age                            
Gender
Race
Height
Sex 
Weight
Physical Factors (altitude)

pulmonary function values

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After age of 25-30 years, adults normally lose small amounts (< 20 cc ) of (blank)

forced vital capacity or FVC per year

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(blank) vary between races and ethnic origins

lung volumes

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Some labs will routinely reduce (blank) by 10-15 % for African Americans

FVC

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(blank) is capable of determining inspiratory and expiratory volumes as a function of time. (i.e flow or volume)

spirometry

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What categories of abnormalities does this belong to:
Related to static mechanics
- Changes in volumes, pressures ( compliance )

restrictive

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What categories of abnormalities does this belong to:
Related to dynamic mechanics
- Changes in volume/time, airflow ( flow rates )

Obstructive

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What categories of abnormalities does this belong to:

Related to defects in gas exchange, changes in arterial blood gasses

vascular

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If you have diaphragmatic weakness, what will it effect?

MIP and MEP

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(blank) is defined as a complete expiration following a maximal inspiration
IF done as a slow expiration maneuver then termed a slow VC or SVC.
IF a rapid expiration maneuver then a fast VC or FVC

vital capacity

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Forced expiratory volume over 1 second is what?

FEV1

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Decreased FEV1 and decreased Flow rate-> hallmark of (blank)

airway obstruction (asthma, emphysema)

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How long do you need someone to breath out to get a good pulmonary function test?

at least 6 seconds

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How should the pulmonary function test look if normal?

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a peak then a linear decrease

What is this:
Also called “ body boxes “
Two basic types:
The constant volume, variable-pressure type
The flow or variable-volume apparatus
Both are used to measure thoracic gas volume or TGV and changes in airway resistance and conductance
Utilize pneumotachometers
Utilize mouth pressure transducers
Allow measurement of volume differences in “box” and in lungs ( alveolar volume )

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body plethysmographs

What do you use to measure thoracic gas volume or TGV and changes in airway resistance and conductance

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body plethysmograph

(blank) is defined as a complete slow (not rapid or forceful) expiration following a maximal inspiration

Slow vital capacity (VC)

(blank) is the volume of gas contained in the lungs after a maximal inspiration

total lung capacity (TLC)

(blank) is the largest volume of gas that be inspired from a resting expiratory level - subdivision of vital capacity

inspiratory capacity (IC)

(blank) is the volume of gas measured from a slow, complete expiration after a maximal inspiration – subdivision of VC

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

(blank) is the Volume of gas that can be expired from a resting end-expiratory level - a subdivision of VC

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

(blank) is the Volume of gas remaining in lungs at the end of a tidal breath

functional residual capacity (FRC)

(blank) is the Volume of gas remaining in lungs at the end of a maximal expiration, regardless of lung volume at which exhalation was initiated

Residual volume (RV)

(blank) or DLCO measures the transfer of CO across the alveolocapillary membranes. If you have Emphysema, cystic lung disease, fibrotic lung disease, pulmonary vascular disease you will have this reduced.

Diffusion capacity. It assesses the overall integrity of the alveoli, capillary bed and the alveolocapillary membranes.

DLCO involves what?

CO, O2, Nitrogen and tracers and the single breath-hold maneuver that allows to check out diffusion capacity

If you have a restriction, what happens to your FVC, FEV1, FRC, RV, TLC?

all decrease

If you have an obstruction what happens to your FVC, FEV1, FRC, RV, TLC?

decrease, decrease, increase, increase, increase

What does your volume flow loop look like in severe obstruction lung diseases?

inspiration normal, expiration is super short

What does your volume flow loop like in fixed or extra-thoracic upper airway obstruction?

squished inspiration and squished expiration

Point is that structural and functional abnormalities of upper airway can cause differences in (blank X 3)

inspiratory or expiratory or both limitations.

(blank) - dynamic truncation (squashing) of the INSPIRATORY LIMB of flow volume loop - During inspiration and thoracic expansion, extraluminal, atmospheric pressure and negative, subatomspheric pressure combine to limit the area of the extrathoracic upper airway - Tracheomalacia, laryngomalacia, vocal cord dysfunction

Variable extrathoracic obstruction

(blank) is the dynamic truncation (squashing) of the EXPIRATORY LIMB of the flow volume loop.

variable intrathoracic obstruction

What does this describe: During inspiration - intrathoracic pleural pressure is negative relative to intratracheal or airway pressure, so NO flow limitation during inspiration. During forced expiration – intrathoracic pleural pressure positive relative to intratracheal or airway pressure, so expiratory flow limited Tracheal lesions, intrathoracic tracheomalacia, tracheal stenosis, lymphadenopathy (lymphoma), bronchogenic cysts

variable intrathoracic obstruction

What does this describe: results in dynamic limitation of both INSPIRATORY and EXPIRATORY LIMBS of flow volume loop May be caused by extraluminal obstructive lesions ( bulky mediastinal adenopathy, invasive thymoma, large thyroid cancers ) Bronchial mainstem lesions - usually cancers

fixed airway obstruction

What squishes both the inspiratory and expiratory limbs of the flow volume loop?

fixed obstruction

What squishes just the inspiratory limb of the flow volume loop?

variable extrathoracic

What squishes just the expiratory limb of the flow volume loop?

variable intrathoracic

If you have reduced FEV1/FVC ratio, reduced expiratory volume and reduced flow rates, AND bronchodilators increases your FEV1 and your FEF towards normal then what do you have?

asthma

If you have a proportional reduction in both FVC and FEV1, with a normal FEV1/FVC ratio (>70%). The flow volume loop will indicate the reduced volumes.

restrictive lung disease (like pulmonary fibrosis)

cardiomegaly -> suggestive of right ventricle and enlargement of main pulmonary arteries, reduced diffusion capacity, an alveolar capillary membrane is compromised (6 min walk will discern this)

hypoxemia (diffusion defects)

When that alveolar-capillary membrane is compromised what will occur? Fluid – pulmonary edema Diffuse pneumonitis Fibrosis Bronchoalveolar destruction – emphysema Destruction or remodeling of arteriolar and capillary beds – In PAH, it is the alveolocapillary membrane > than capillary blood volume that is reduced Diffusion of gas across those membranes impaired, resulting in hypoxemia

hypoxemia

6 min walk has prognostic abilities with (blank)

pulmonary hypertension

Thus, conditions that affect or disrupt these lung structures will impair or reduce the (blank)

DLCO (diffusion)

What do these conditions create? Emphysema, cystic lung disease, fibrotic lung disease, pulmonary vascular disease

decreased diffusion capacity

What is this: Often time and distance recorded Assesses oxygen degree of desaturation with ambulation Has diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications in COPD, interstitial lung disease, pulmonary hypertension, cardiomyopathies

six minute walk test

What is this: Captures VO2, VCO2, Vd/Vt, end-tidal CO2 Again has diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications

Cardiopulmonary stress testing

Pulmonary Function Test Flashcards

(54 cards)