Pulmonary Infection

Question 1

what are the three main classifications of micro-organism pathogenicity?

Answer 1

> primary: normal healthy people will get infected
facultative: if there is a predisposing factor for pulmonary infection
opportunistic: effects people who are immunocompromised

Question 2

name three lower respiratory tract infections

Answer 2

> bronchitis
bronchiolitis
pneumonia

Question 3

describe particle clearance from the lung

Answer 3

alveolar macrophages clear the particles and are moved up by the muco-ciliary escalator to the mouth where they are swallowed. or they move through the interstitial pathway via lymph to the lymph nodes.

Question 4

how do respiratory secretions help defend against infection?

Answer 4

they help the ciliary work and contain antibiotics to defend against infection

Question 5

what happens if the muco-cilliated escalator goes wrong>

Answer 5

then foreign material is retained in the lung with the mucous leading to infection.

Question 6

name the classification of pneumonia

Answer 6

> community acquired 
> hospital acquired
> in the immunocompromised
> atypical
> aspiration
> recurrent

Question 7

what is the pattern of bronchopneumonia?

Answer 7

it is diffuse around the lung. patchy material is deposited in the lungs as bacteria are deposited in the acara airways creating spots of pus.

Question 8

describe the pattern of lobar pneumonia

Answer 8

this is invasive and causes a large tissue reaction that can fill and entire lobe, only ceasing when it reaches the pleura.

Question 9

what is organisation of pneumonia?

Answer 9

when the inflammation turns into fibrous tissue leading to a mass lesion, COP, constrictive bronchiolitis

Question 10

what is bronchiectasis?

Answer 10

the pathological dilation of bronchi which causes the muco-cilliated escalator to work ineffectively leading to infection.

Question 11

what causes bronchiectasis?

Answer 11

> severe infective episode
recurrent infections
proximal bronchial obstruction
lung parenchymal destruction

Question 12

what are the signs and symptoms of bronchiectasis?

Answer 12

> cough with foul sputum
haemoptysis
coarse crackles
clubbing

Question 13

what could be the reason for recurrent pneumonia?

Answer 13

> local bronchial obstruction
local pulmonary damage
generalised lung disease
non-respiratory disease (immunocompromised)

Question 14

what could cause aspiration pneumonia?

Answer 14

vomiting
oesophageal lesion
obstetric anaesthesia
neuromuscular disorders
sedation

Question 15

describe type 1 respiratory failure

Answer 15

this is when Pao2 is less than 8kPa. it is normally due to gas exchange

Question 16

describe type 2 respiratory failure

Answer 16

this is when PaCO2 is more than 6.5kPa. this is normally due to inhibition of ventilation that is not normally primary pulmonary pathology.

Question 17

what is shunt?

Answer 17

when blood passes from the right side of the heart to the left without being oxygenated. this can arise due to congenital heart disease and pulmonary disease. it responds poorly to increases in FlO2.

Question 18

describe alveolar hypoventilation

Answer 18

this is when there is insufficient amount of air moved in and out of the lungs. hypoventilation increases PACO2 and decrease PAO2. this can be corrected by raising the FlO2.

Question 19

in what conditions would chronic Cor Pulmonale occur?

Answer 19

in people with asthma, COPD and at high altitudes.

Question 20

what is Cor Pulmonale?

Answer 20

this hypertrophy of the right ventricle resulting from disease affecting the function and structure of the lung. with the exception to pulmonary alterations in which the disease primarily affects the left side of the heart or congenital heart disease.

Question 21

what is the response of bone marrow to hypxemia?

Answer 21

the bone marrow makes more red blood cells which increase the viscosity of the blood resulting in an increased effort of the right ventricle of the heart.