Pulmonary Pathology Flashcards
(37 cards)
Respiratory system outgrowth grom
Ventral wall of foregut
Number of lobar bronchi in right lung
3
How many lobar bronchi present in left lung
2
Mesothelium epithelium is present in
Pleural space
Functions of type 1 pneumocytes
Lined by squamous epithelium, and take place in gas exchange and covered by 95% of the alveoli
Function and feature of type 2 pneumocytes
It’s granular and roughly cuboidal. Covers only 5%, involved in secretion of pulmonary surfactant
Congenital defects
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Under development of one or both lungs.
Forgut cyst
Pulmonary sequestration
Pulmonary hypoplasia results from
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Oligohydramnios
Foregut cyst features
Abnormal detachment of primitive foregut
Most commonly found in hilum or middle mediastinum
Most common, bronchogenic cyst
It may be seen in esophageal or enteric cyst
Pulmonary sequestration features
Area of lung tissue which is not connected to airways has abnormal blood supply from airta and it’s branches
Types of pulmonary sequestration
Extralobar
Common in infants
Associated with congenital annomalies
Intralobar
Occurs in lung
Common in older children
Due to recurrent localized infections or bronchiectasis
What is atelectasis
Incomplete expansion of lung or collapse of inflated lung
Is atelectasis reversible
Yes except in cases of fibrosis
Tyoes of atelectasis
Resorption or obstructive
Compression
Contraction atelectasis
Resorption or obstructive atelectasis features
It’s reversible
Occures at bronchial level due to excess secretion of mucus or exudates or due to tumors in bronchial asthma
Bronchitis etc..
Clinical feature is mediastinum moves towards the affected lung
Compression atelectasis
It’s due to accumulation of fluids in Pleural space
Clinical feature, mediastinum moves away from affected lung
Contraction atelectasis
Focal pulmonary atelectasis or fibrosis of pleura
Prevents full expansion
Irreversible
Pulmonary edema features and causes
Excessive interstitial fluid in alveoli
Hemodynamic disturbances
Increased capillary permeability due to microvascular injury
Pulmonary congestion
Causes of hemodynamic edema
Increase in hydrostatic pressure
Most common in left sided heart failure
Initially seen in basal region of lower lobes
Hemosiderin laden macrophages are seen
Non cardiogenic or microvascular or alveolar injury causes
Injury in alveolar septa
Acute lung injury
Abrupt onset of hypoxemia and bilateral pulmonary edema
Acute interstitial pneumonia is common and has worst prognosis seen in
Chronic alcoholic and smokers
Cells injured in ALI
First endothelial cells
Pneumocytes
Hyaline membranes are formed from
Protein rich fluid filled edema and debris from alveolar epithelial cells
