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Pharmacology Quiz 4 > Pulmonary Pharmacology > Flashcards

Flashcards in Pulmonary Pharmacology Deck (30)
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1
Q

Are blood insoluble or blood soluble drugs more quickly distributed in tissues?

A

Blood insoluble drugs have a more rapid increase in partial pressure. Partially blood-soluble drugs have a slower increase in partial pressure.

2
Q

What is the affect of blood solubility on induction and recovery?

A

The more soluble the drug is in the blood, the longer induction/recovery will take

3
Q

Rate the following drugs in order of blood solubility and induction/recovery time: methoxyflurane, isoflurane, and nitrous oxide.

A

methoxyflurane (long recovery time, high solubility), isoflurane (medium recovery time, medium solubility), and nitrous oxide (short recovery time, low blood solubility)

4
Q

What is the fraction of delivered drug PP?

A

the alveolar concentration

5
Q

What is the role of lipid solubility in anesthetic pharmacologic potency?

A

Lipid solubility determines how well a drug can get across cell membranes, including the blood-brain barrier. The more lipid soluble, the more potent the anesthetic is.

6
Q

Rank the lipid solubility and MAC value (minimum alveolar concentration, pharmacologic potency) of the following drugs: methoxyflurane, isoflurane, and nitrous oxide.

A

Methoxyflurane (high lipid solubility, low MAC, more potent), isoflurane (medium lipid solubility, medium MAC, medium potency), nitrous oxide (low lipid solubility, high MAC, low potency)

7
Q

What is the Minimum Alveolar Concentration?

A

The anesthetic dose that produces anesthesia (immobility to a noxious stimulus) in 50% of a patient populations.

8
Q

What is the effect of acetylcholine on the bronchi?

A

Acetylcholine acts on the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, increasing Ca++ concentrations, resulting in bronchoconstriction.

9
Q

What is the effect of norepinephrine on the bronchi?

A

Norepi acts on alpha adrenergic receptors to decrease cAMP resulting in bronchoconstriction

10
Q

What is the effect of epinephrine on the bronchi?

A

Epinephrine acts on beta2-AR to increase cAMP, resulting in bronchodilation

11
Q

What are the treatments for bronchoconstrictive airway disease?

A

Address causes (antibiotics), anti-inflammatory drug therapy, and symptomatic treatment (bronchodilators)

12
Q

What is the effect of acetylcholine on the mucus of the airway?

A

thick mucus

13
Q

What is the effect of epinephrine on the mucus of the airway?

A

Decreased mediators, watery mucus

14
Q

Albuterol

A

Beta2-AR agonist, increased cAMP which leads to bronchodilation, Aerosolized use in dogs and cats, most effective bronchodilator class, increase diameter of small/large airways, increase mucociliary clearance, decrease release of inflammatory mediators

15
Q

Clenbuterol

A

Beta2-AR agonist, which increases cAMP and leads to bronchodilation, use in horses in Canada and Europe, in small animal has low bioavailability in first-pass metabolism, side effects of cardiac arrythmias, mydriasis, excitement, etc.

16
Q

Theophylline

A

a type of methyxanthine (bronchodilator) that inhibits phosphodiesterase activity and decreases cAMP breakdown, also a competitive agonist at adenosine receptors (bronchoconstrictive effects). Results in dilation of large and small airways and mucociliary clearance and anti-inflammatory effects. Has high oral bioavailability, lots goes through hepatic phase 1 metabolism, low therapeutic index, serious side effects.

17
Q

What are examples of bronchodilators that target muscarinic receptors? (3)

A

Atropine, glycopyrrolate, ipratropium

18
Q

What can bronchodilators that target muscarinic receptors be used for?

A

severe asthmatic states unresponsive to other durgs, acute dyspnea, and bronchoconstriction produced by anti-choliesterase agents

19
Q

What are the differences between atropine and glycopyrrolate and ipatropium?

A

Glycopyrrolate and ipatrpium do not cross the BB barrier, ipatropium is more effective than atropine as a bronchodilator, glycopyrrolate has a longer duration of action than atropine but also slower onset

20
Q

What are the side effects of muscarinic receptor blockers?

A

tachycardia and decreased intestinal motility

21
Q

What are the goals of antitussive therapy?

A

Decrease the frequency and severity of coughing without compromising effective evacuation of bronchopulmonary secretions. Usually given for non-productive coughs

22
Q

What are the treatment strategies for cough in animals?

A

No treatment, remove causative stimulus, symptomatic treatment of non-productive cough

23
Q

What drugs can be given to the site of irritation (airways)?

A

Mucosal anesthetics, demulcents, mucokinetic agents, bronchodilators

24
Q

What drugs can be given to target the cough center (medulla)?

A

Opiates

25
Q

What are examples of opiate antitussive drugs?

A

Codine, butorphanol, dextromethorphan

26
Q

What is the mechanism of action of opiate antitussive drugs?

A

Decrease the sensitivity of the cough center to afferent stimuli, therefore decreasing the awareness of airway irritation

27
Q

What is the action of codine?

A

It depresses the respiration by blunting CO2 sensitivity of brain respiratory centers, has human abuse potential

28
Q

What types of drugs are butorphanol and dextromethorphan?

A

Opiate antitussive drugs

29
Q

Dextromethorphan

A

Isomer of a codine derivative, no action at opiod receptors, unsure of antitussive mechanism, effective if used in combination with a bronchodilator. No abuse potential

30
Q

Butorphanol

A

Agonist at opiod receptors (naloxone reverses), antitussive agent for use in non-productive coughs in dogs and horses. Some abuse liability