Pulmonary systems

Question 1

What are the inspiratory respiratory muscles?

Answer 1

1. SCM
2. Scalenes
3. External intercostals
4. Diaphragm

Question 2

What are the expiratory respiratory muscles?

Answer 2

1. Internal intercostals
2. External oblique
3. Rectus abdominus
4. Transverse abdominus
5. Internal oblique

Question 3

At rest, _____ is a mostly passive process.

Answer 3

passive

Question 4

_______ ______ _____ = max expiration at the end of tidal expiration

Answer 4

expiratory reserve volume

Question 5

______ ______ _____ = volume in lungs after maximal expiration

Answer 5

residual lung volume

Question 6

_______ ________ ________ = max inspiration at end of tidal aspiration

Answer 6

inspiratory reserve volume

Question 7

_______ ______ _______ = volume in lungs after tidal expiration

Answer 7

functional residual capacity

Question 8

_____ _____ _____ = max volume after expired after max inspiration

Answer 8

functional vital capacity

Question 9

_______ ______ = max volume inspired following tidal expiration

Answer 9

Inspiratory capacity

Question 10

___ _____ = volume inspired of expired per breath

Answer 10

tidal volume

Question 11

______ _____ ____ = volume in lungs after max inspiration

Answer 11

total lung capacity

Question 12

ERV values ?

Answer 12

M: 1200mL
W: 800mL

Question 13

RLV values?

Answer 13

M: 1200mL
W: 1000mL

Question 14

IRV values?

Answer 14

M: 3000mL
W: 1900mL

Question 15

FRC values?

Answer 15

M: 2400mL
W: 1800mL

Question 16

IC values?

Answer 16

M: 3600mL
W: 3200mL

Question 17

TV values?

Answer 17

M: 600mL
W: 500mL

Question 18

TLC values?

Answer 18

M: 6000mL
W: 4200mL

Question 19

What are 6 factors effecting static lung volumes?

Answer 19

1. Genetics
2. Sex
3. Height
4. Obesity
5. Chronic disease
6. Aging

Question 20

Does training change static lung volume?

Answer 20

NO

Question 21

Ventilation works _______ to respond to the requirements of the body.

Answer 21

dynamically

Question 22

What two things does dynamic lung volume depend on?

Answer 22

1. Volume of air

2. Speed of moving the volume of air

Question 23

_______ _____ = the volume of air breathed each minute

Answer 23

minute ventilation

Question 24

______ ______ = portion of minute ventilation that mixes with air in the alveolar chambers.

Answer 24

alveolar ventilation

Question 25

What is the average minute ventilation at rest?

Answer 25

6 L / min

Question 26

What is the formula for minute ventilation?

Answer 26

breathing rate x tidal volume

Question 27

What can increase minute ventilation?

Answer 27

1. Increase in rate of breathing 2. Increase in depth of breathing 3. Both

Question 28

What amount of tidal volume goes to alveolar air?

Answer 28

350mL

Question 29

What amount of tidal volume goes to physiologic dead space?

Answer 29

minimal

Question 30

What amount of tidal volume goes to anatomical dead space?

Answer 30

150mL

Question 31

What is the formula for alveolar ventilation?

Answer 31

(TV-dead space) x breathing frequency

Question 32

Where is minute ventilation occurring ?

Answer 32

mouth

Question 33

Does minute ventilation = alveolar ventilation?

Answer 33

No

Question 34

When breathing while exercising, the goal is to match ______ ______ with exercise intensity to maintain _____ _______.

Answer 34

minute ventilation; alveolar ventilation

Question 35

How is breathing matched to demand when exercising?

Answer 35

Increasing the depth of breathing (TV) and frequency

Question 36

What is the main change in minute ventilation when exercising?

Answer 36

tidal volume

Question 37

What is the maximal voluntary ventilation for men? women?

Answer 37

140-180L/min; 80-120L/min

Question 38

What is the maximal voluntary ventilation?

Answer 38

volume breathed for 1 minute

Question 39

How high can TV increase to?

Answer 39

about 2 L

Question 40

Where is the primary respiratory control centre?

Answer 40

medial medulla

Question 41

What are 5 factors that affect medullary control of pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 41

1. Peripheral chemoreceptors 2. Receptors in lung tissues 3. Proprioceptors in joints and muscles 4. Core temp 5. Chemical state of blood in medulla

Question 42

In non-steady rate exercise, minute ventilation increase in ________ to oxygen consumption over range from rest to moderate exercise

Answer 42

proportion

Question 43

Minute ventilation increases ______ to oxygen consumption over range from moderate to strenuous exercise.

Answer 43

disproportionately

Question 44

The point at which ventilation increases disproportionately with oxygen uptake during incremental exercise is termed _____ ______ .

Answer 44

ventilatory threshold

Question 45

What are the two major factors that determine the energy requirement of breathing?

Answer 45

1. Compliance of the lung and thorax | 2. Resistance of airways to smooth flow of air

Question 46

What is the oxygen cost at rest? at max?

Answer 46

3-5%; 10-15%

Question 47

What is the % of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen in ambient air?

Answer 47

O: 20.93% C: 0.03% N: 79.04%

Question 48

What is the formula for partial pressure?

Answer 48

percentage concentration x total gas mixture pressure

Question 49

How is oxygen carried in blood?

Answer 49

1. dissolved in fluid portion of blood | 2. in combination with Hb within RBCs

Question 50

What % of O2 is dissolved in blood?

Answer 50

1.5%

Question 51

What % of O2 is bound to Hb?

Answer 51

98.5%

Question 52

What is the formula for oxygen carrying capacity of blood?

Answer 52

Hb (g/100mL blood) x O2 carrying capacity of Hb

Question 53

What is the oxygen carrying capacity for men? for women?

Answer 53

M: 20.1 mL/100mL blood W: 18.8 mL/100mL blood

Question 54

What is the formula for % saturation? (SaO2)

Answer 54

(total O2 combined with Hb/oxygen-carrying capacity of Hb) x 100

Question 55

Does % saturation tell you how much O2 is in the blood ?

Answer 55

NO

Question 56

What does %SaO2 tell you?

Answer 56

% of available heme binding dates saturated with O2

Question 57

How saturated is Hb at the lungs? at the tissue?

Answer 57

98%; 75%

Question 58

What is the point of the plateau of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

Answer 58

provides a significant margin of safety in O2-carrying capacity of blood

Question 59

What is the significance of the steep portion of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

Answer 59

HbO2 dissociates and O2 can diffuse to tissue cells

Question 60

when exercising, Hb saturation drops to ___%.

Answer 60

30%

Question 61

_______ = iron-protein compound found in skeletal and cardiac muscle

Answer 61

myoglobin

Question 62

_______ facilitates mitochondrial oxygen transfer

Answer 62

myoglobin

Question 63

________ binds and retains O2 at low pressures

Answer 63

myoglobin

Question 64

What are the 3 ways the blood carries carbon dioxide and what are the %?

Answer 64

1. in physical solution in plasma (7-10%) 2. Combined with Hb within RBCs (20%) 3. As plasma bicarbonate (70%)

Question 65

Why does blood doping increase aerobic performance?

Answer 65

increases O2 carrying capacity of blood

Question 66

____ ____ increases blood ________ .

Answer 66

viscosity

Question 67

What three things does increasing your blood viscosity lead to?

Answer 67

1. Decrease Q 2. Increase systolic BP 3. Causes strain on heart

Question 68

By what % does blood doping increase aerobic performance?

Answer 68

5-13%

Question 69

Regular endurance exercise (does/does not) stimulate large increases in the functional capacity of pulmonary system.

Answer 69

does not

Question 70

Regular endurance exercise has a minor ability to improve dynamic lung volumes (T/F)

Answer 70

true

Question 71

By what % can submax exercise training improve the endurance of the ventilatory muscles?

Answer 71

16%

Question 72

In most healthy individuals, arterial PO2 and SaO2 remain near _______ values even during intense exercise.

Answer 72

resting

Question 73

FVC values?

Answer 73

M: 4800mL W: 3200mL