pulmonarymechanics

Question 1

during normal breathing the lung inflates by reducing the pressure on the ___.

Answer 1

outside

Question 2

When a patient is on a respirator the lung is inflated by imposing a ___ pressure.

Answer 2

positive

Question 3

When the externally applied pressure decreases, the lung ___ due to its inward passive elastic recoil.

Answer 3

deflates

Question 4

during normal quiet breathing, or eupnea, the contraction of the diaphragm exerts an ___ force on the intrapleural space–the space outside of the lung but within the chest wall.

Answer 4

expansive

Question 5

The ___ in intrapleural pressure causes the lung to inflate.

Answer 5

drop

Question 6

When the diaphragm stops contracting, and starts to relax, then the p___f the lung results in deflation

Answer 6

assive elastic recoil o

Question 7

the lung during normal breathing is a __- pressure pump

Answer 7

negative

Question 8

When the respiratory muscles are relaxed, the pressure in the intrapleural space is normally ____ than atmospheric pressure by about 5 cm

Answer 8

less

Question 9

a pressure less than atmospheric is referred to as negative or positive?

Answer 9

negative

Question 10

intrapleural pressure is said to be -__ cm H2O.

Answer 10

5

Question 11

When the thoracic cavity is exposed to atmospheric pressure, as occurs with a wound, then intrapleural pressure___ atmospheric pressure -> ling collapse

Answer 11

rises up to

Question 12

Maintenance of lung inflation depends critically on the maintenance of a ____ pressure in the space between the lung and the chest wall. *

Answer 12

negative

Question 13

During eupnea, or quiet breathing (with a ventilation of about 7.5 L/min), the ___ may be the only active inspiratory muscle

Answer 13

diaphragm

Question 14

Expiration is due to the passive recoil of the lung and the chest wall without the participation of

Answer 14

expiratory muscles

Question 15

during eupneic breathing ___ is active

Answer 15

inspiration

Question 16

during eupneic breathing expiration is___

Answer 16

oassive

Question 17

hyperpnea, or active breathing during exercise, inspiration is aided by the contraction of the ___

Answer 17

external intercostals

Question 18

During strenuous exercise, the ____ muscles of the chest and neck are used to reduce the resistance to airflow.

Answer 18

accessory

Question 19

When ventilation exceeds about 40 L/min, expiration is aided by contraction of the__which depress the ribs downward and inward.

Answer 19

internal intercostals

Question 20

___ intercostals are involved in inspiration

Answer 20

external

Question 21

___ is normal breathing (7.5 l/min)

Answer 21

eupnea

Question 22

____ you have active inspiration but passive expiration

Answer 22

eupnea

Question 23

hypernea means breathing is ___ and __ than normal like durign exercise

Answer 23

deeper and faster

Question 24

inspiration and expiration are both active in ____

Answer 24

hypernea

Question 25

____ leads to aleolar gypoxia and hypercapnea

Answer 25

hypoventilation

Question 26

____ is breathing faster than required for oxygnation elads to alvolar hypocapnea respiratory

Answer 26

hyperventilation

Question 27

muscualr dystrophy, respiratory muscle paralysis you see ___ventilation

Answer 27

hypo

Question 28

alveolar pressure, or Palv, varies during the

Answer 28

breathing cycle.

Question 29

During inspiration, Palv __ Patm.

Answer 29

<

Question 30

If the breath is held at any lung volume with no air moving, and with the mouth and glottis open, then Palv ___Patm.

Answer 30

=

Question 31

Contraction of the diaphragm exerts an expansive force on the intrapleural space, thus ____ its pressure, making it more negative, and acting to inflate the lung.

Answer 31

decreasing

Question 32

if a weight is placed on the chest, then the external pressure on the chest wall is greater than Patm and is referred to as ____

Answer 32

body surface pressure.

Question 33

____ directed transmural pressures are regarded as positive

Answer 33

outwardly

Question 34

inwardly directed transmural pressures are ____.

Answer 34

negative

Question 35

___ sets the degree of inflation of the lung

Answer 35

transmural lung pressure

Question 36

Pl sets the degree of lung inflation and must always be ____ to maintain inflation.

Answer 36

positive

Question 37

transmural chest wall pressure is equal to

Answer 37

PI-Patm

Question 38

The total pressure, or Pt, also called the relaxation pressure, is the total transmural pressure across the___ and ___

Answer 38

lung and the chest wall.

Question 39

The total pressure is the difference between___ and ___ pressure

Answer 39

alveolar and atmospheric

Question 40

total pressure is equal to the sum of

Answer 40

the lung pressure + the chest wall pressure.

Question 41

When all respiratory muscles are relaxed, the system is at ___ equilibrium,

Answer 41

mechanical\n\n Pt = 0\nwhile Pl = -Pc

Question 42

t rest, the positive outward lung pressure is balanced by the___ elastic recoil pressure of the lung.

Answer 42

inward passive

Question 43

, the negative inward chest wall pressure is balanced by the pressure of the chest wall.

Answer 43

passive outward elastic recoil

Question 44

Static compliance determines what particular ____ the lung and chest wall will assume for a given transmural pressure when the elastic vessels are at mechanical equilibrium with no air moving.

Answer 44

volume

Question 45

Abnormally decreased total compliance could be due either to the properties of the___ or chest wall

Answer 45

lung or the chest wa

Question 46

functional residual capacity, or FRC, is the lung volume when__equals zero

Answer 46

Pt

Question 47

With larger degrees of inflation, Ppl becomes more ___.

Answer 47

positive

Question 48

An ___ lung compliance makes it difficult to exhale

Answer 48

increased

Question 49

___ lung compliance makes it difficult to inspire.

Answer 49

decreased

Question 50

____ are related lung diseases induced by inhalation of dust asbestos, coal, silica, and other toxic mineral particles

Answer 50

Pneumoconioses

Question 51

Pneumoconioses --> formation of

Answer 51

granulomatous and fibrous tissue in the lungs leading to a decrease in compliance, or a "stiffer" lung

Question 52

Increased __- caused changes in totla lung caity and function residual cpaicty

Answer 52

complianceN

Question 53

___ ___ accumul;ate in lung to remove inhaled smoke

Answer 53

in emphysema

Question 54

Pulmonary surfactant contains insoluble ___ with a large proportion of dipalmitoyl lecithin

Answer 54

lipoprotein

Question 55

urfactant lowers the surface tension of the lung and ___ compliance.

Answer 55

increases

Question 56

A deficiency of surfactant increases the surface tension of alveoli and thus increases their ___nd tends to deflate the lu

Answer 56

elastic recoil a

Question 57

Respiratory distress syndrome, or ___ disease, is a condition of lung immaturity afflicting premature infants.

Answer 57

hyaline membrane

Question 58

if two bubbles have same surfcae tneion, the smaller bubble will have the ___ internal pressure

Answer 58

larger

Question 59

The effect of pulmonary surfactant on lung compliance helps to stabilize the alveoli and prevent ___ (partial collapse of the lung)

Answer 59

atelectasis

Question 60

, the surface tension of alveoli with surfactant increases with increasing

Answer 60

inflation volumes

Question 61

Lung extracts containing surfactant exhibit the property of increasing surface tension with increasing

Answer 61

surface area